Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the participants
| Â | Number of musculoskeletal pain sites except low back pain | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 1 | ≥ 2 | P value | ||
1343 | 283 | 156 | Â | ||
Sex, n (%) | Male | 678 (50.5%) | 97 (34.3%) | 51 (32.7%) | <  0.001 |
Female | 665 (49.5%) | 186 (65.7%) | 105 (67.3%) | Â | |
Age (18–97, years)**, mean (SD) | continuous variable | 59.8 (18.3) | 63.3 (16.1) | 65.9 (13.8) | <  0.001 |
Body mass index (9.2–45.0)**, mean (SD) | continuous variable | 23.9 (3.6) | 23.9 (3.8) | 24.8 (3.6) | <  0.001 |
Living area, n (%) | Ogatsu | 573 (42.7%) | 117 (41.3%) | 80 (51.3%) | 0.101 |
Oshika | 535 (39.8%) | 112 (39.6%) | 45 (28.8%) | Â | |
Wakabayashi | 235 (17.5%) | 54 (19.1%) | 31 (19.9%) | Â | |
Smoking habits*, n (%) | Non-smoker | 1011 (75.3%) | 204 (72.1%) | 121 (77.6%) | 0.154 |
Smoker | 263 (19.6%) | 55 (19.4%) | 24 (15.4%) | Â | |
Drinking habits*, n (%) | Non-drinker | 794 (59.1%) | 178 (62.9%) | 101 (64.7%) | 0.13 |
<  45.6 g of alcohol/day | 273 (20.3%) | 54 (19.1%) | 24 (15.4%) |  | |
≥ 45.6 g of alcohol/day | 148 (11.0%) | 20 (7.1%) | 11 (7.1%) |  | |
Comorbid conditions, n (%) | Hypertension | 499 (37.2%) | 123 (43.5%) | 86 (55.1%) | <  0.001 |
Diabetes mellitus | 122 (9.1%) | 28 (9.9%) | 19 (12.2%) | 0.444 | |
Myocardial infarction | 70 (5.2%) | 18 (6.4%) | 20 (12.8%) | 0.001 | |
Cerebral stroke | 21 (1.6%) | 8 (2.8%) | 4 (2.6%) | 0.282 | |
Working status*, n (%) | Unemployed | 696 (51.8%) | 160 (56.5%) | 95 (60.9%) | 0.123 |
Employed | 619 (46.1%) | 115 (40.6%) | 59 (37.8%) | Â | |
Walking time/day*, n (%) | ≥ 1 h | 423 (31.5%) | 69 (24.4%) | 27 (17.3%) | <  0.001 |
30 min to < 1 h | 503 (37.5%) | 92 (32.5%) | 64 (41.0%) |  | |
<  30 min | 394 (29.3%) | 117 (41.3%) | 62 (39.7%) |  | |
Living status*, n (%) | Same house as before the GEJE | 393 (29.3%) | 90 (31.8%) | 47 (30.1%) | 0.494 |
Prefabricated house | 530 (39.5%) | 103 (36.4%) | 52 (33.3%) | Â | |
New house | 163 (12.1%) | 34 (12.0%) | 27 (17.3%) | Â | |
Others | 246 (18.3%) | 55 (19.4%) | 30 (19.2%) | Â | |
Economic condition*, n (%) | Normal | 653 (48.6%) | 114 (40.3%) | 60 (38.5%) | <  0.001 |
A little hard | 347 (25.8%) | 65 (23.0%) | 43 (27.6%) | Â | |
Hard | 207 (15.4%) | 77 (27.2%) | 41 (26.3%) | Â | |
Very hard | 98 (7.3%) | 26 (9.2%) | 11 (7.1%) | Â | |
Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (0–24)**, mean (SD) | continuous variable | 3.2 (4.0) | 5.5 (5.0) | 6.7 (5.0) | <  0.001 |
Athens Insomnia Scale (0–23)**, mean (SD) | continuous variable | 3.3 (3.1) | 5.3 (3.9) | 6.2 (4.0) | <  0.001 |
Lubben Social Network Scale (0–30)**, mean (SD) | continuous variable | 15.3 (6.0) | 14.2 (5.6) | 14.3 (6.2) | 0.004 |