Parameter | Length of disability | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | |
Intercept | 3.835*** | 3.880*** | 3.268*** | 3.269*** | 3.346*** |
Gender | |||||
 Female |  |  | 0.078*** | 0.075*** | 0.040* |
 Malea |  |  |  |  |  |
Age (years) | Â | Â | 0.005*** | 0.005*** | 0.005*** |
Tenure (years) |  |  | −0.004*** | −0.004*** | −0.004*** |
AWW/$100 | Â | Â | 0.017*** | 0.013*** | 0.013** |
Industry type | |||||
 Mining |  |  | 0.452*** | 0.445*** | 0.443*** |
 Construction |  |  | 0.193*** | 0.183*** | 0.182*** |
 Transportation |  |  | 0.258*** | 0.247*** | 0.247*** |
 Agriculture |  |  | 0.090 | 0.083 | 0.081 |
 Manufacturing |  |  | 0.126** | 0.118** | 0.117** |
 Wholesale trade |  |  | 0.084 | 0.076 | 0.076 |
 Retail trade |  |  | 0.127** | 0.119** | 0.118** |
 Services |  |  | 0.101* | 0.092* | 0.091* |
 Public administration |  |  | 0.077 | 0.069 | 0.068 |
 Financea |  |  |  |  |  |
Injury severity | |||||
 More severe |  |  | 0.086*** | 0.085*** | 0.085*** |
 Less severea |  |  |  |  |  |
Early opioid/100 mg MEA |  |  | 0.014*** | 0.014*** | 0.014*** |
eMRI scan | |||||
 Yes |  |  | 0.426*** | 0.435*** | 0.402*** |
 Noa |  |  |  |  |  |
Lumbar spine surgery | |||||
 Yes |  |  | 0.719*** | 0.715*** | 0.712*** |
 Noa |  |  |  |  |  |
Litigation status | |||||
 Yes |  |  | 1.144*** | 1.152*** | 1.152*** |
 Noa |  |  |  |  |  |
Median household income ($) |  |  | −0.007*** | −0.007*** | − 0.007*** |
State physician density |  | −0.001*** | −0.001* | − 0.001** | - < 0.001 |
State Orthopedic surgeons density |  | −0.027 | 0.070 | 0.070 | 0.042* |
MRI facility rate |  | −0.078 | −0.144*** | − 0.129*** | −0.182*** |
Wage replacement rate | Â | 0.002 | 0.004 | 0.004 | 0.004 |
Waiting period | Â | 0.052*** | 0.069*** | 0.069*** | 0.069*** |
Retroactive period | Â | 0.006** | 0.006*** | 0.006*** | 0.006*** |
Treating provider change | |||||
 Allowed |  | 0.234*** | 0.115*** | 0.109*** | 0.114*** |
 Allowed once |  | 0.001 | −0.118** | − 0.116*** | − 0.114*** |
 Not alloweda |  |  |  |  |  |
Treating provider choice | |||||
 Allowed |  | 0.165*** | 0.270*** | 0.261*** | 0.332*** |
 Not-alloweda |  |  |  |  |  |
State medical fee schedule | |||||
 Yes |  | 0.057* | 0.100*** | 0.100*** | 0.098*** |
 Noa |  |  |  |  |  |
Unemployment rate | Â | 0.024** | 0.013* | 0.012* | 0.011 |
MRI (yes) X State Orthopedic surgeons density MRI (yes) X State Orthopedic surgeons density | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.053*** |
MRI (yes) X Dr choice (yes) MRI (yes) X Dr choice (no) | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.099** |
MRI (Yes) X male gender MRI (Yes) X female gender |  |  |  |  | −0.047** |
MRI (yes) X MRI facility density MRI (no) X MRI facility density |  |  |  |  | −0.058** |
Variance components | |||||
 Within-state variability | 1.393*** | 1.390*** | 0.914*** | 0.910*** | 0.910*** |
 Between-state variability | 0.072*** | 0.035*** | 0.026*** | 0.025*** | 0.025*** |
 ICC | 5% | 2% | 3% | 3% | 3% |
 Proportional reduction in between-state variability |  | 51% | 64% | 65% | 65% |
Random slope | |||||
 eMRI |  |  |  | 0.011** | 0.011** |
Model fit statistic | |||||
 -2LL | 188,306 | 188,221*** | 163,485*** | 163,323*** | 163,320* |
 BIC | 188,310 | 188,229*** | 163,493*** | 163,342*** | 163,339* |