Table 2 Shoulder motion monitoring for application in patients with neurological disorders

Bartalesi 2005, [8]

Conference

Strain sensor, WACKER Ltd.

(ELASTOSIL LR 3162 A/B)

Unilateral:

Sensors’ segment series along right upper limb

Shirt

Sh ROM

–

–

HS

Wearable garment able to reconstruct shoulder, wrist and elbow movement to correct stroke patients’ rehabilitation exercises

Hester 2006, [42]

Conference

Acc (n = 6)

Unilateral:

thumb, index, back of the hand, FA and UA (medially), thorax

Adhesive

Sh ROM

–

Reaching, prehension, manipulation

SP (n = 12)

Predict clinical scores of stroke patients’ motor abilities

Zhou 2006, [43]

Full-Text

IMU (n = 2),

Xsens MT9B

Unilateral:

Wrist (inwards), elbow (outwards)

-

Sh orientation and position

–

FA FLX-EXT

FA PR-SU, reach test

HS (n = 1, M)

Propose a data fusion algorithm to locate the shoulder joint without drift

Willmann 2007, [44]

Conference

M-IMU (n = 4),

Philips

Unilateral:

Torso, shoulder, UA, FA

Garment

Sh ROM

–

–

HS

Provide a home system for upper limb rehabilitation in stroke patients

Zhou 2008, [45]

Full-Text

M-IMU (n = 2),

Xsens MT9B

Unilateral:

FA (distally, near the wrist center), UA (laterally, on the line between the lateral epicondyle and the acromion process)

Velcro straps

Sh orientation and position,

RMSE = 2.5°-4.8°

CODA

reaching

shrugging

FA rotation

HS (n = 4, M)

20–40 Y

Validate data fusion algorithm

Giorgino 2009, [46]

Full-Text

Strain sensor (n = 19),

WACKER Ltd.

(ELASTOSIL LR 3162 A/B)

Unilateral:

Sensors’ sensing segments distributed over the UA, FA, shoulder, elbow, wrist

Shirt

Sh ROM

–

GH FLX (sagittal plane)

Lateral AB

ER

HS (n = 1)

Describe a sensing garment for posture recognition in neurological rehabilitation

Lee 2010, [47]

Full-Text

Acc (n = 2),

Freescale MMA7261 QT

Unilateral:

UA, FA

Velcro strap

Sh ROM,

Mean error~0°-3.5°

gon

FLX-EXT (sagittal plane)

HS (n = 1)

Validate performance and accuracy of the system

Chee Kian 2010, [48]

Conference

OLE (n = 1)

Acc (n = 1)

Unilateral:

UA, elbow

Adhesive patch

Sh ROM

IGS-190

Cyclic movements with arm exerciser

HS (n = 1)

Validate feasibility and performance (accuracy, repeatability) of the proposed sensing system designed to assist stroke patients in upper limb home rehabilitation

Patel 2010, [49]

Full-Text

Acc (n = 6)

Unilateral:

thumb, index, back of the hand, FA, UA, trunk

-

Sh ROM

–

8 activities of FAS

SP (n = 24)

57.5 ± 11.8 Y

Evaluate accuracy of FAS score obtained via analysis of the accelerometers data comparing such estimates with scores provided by an expert clinician using this scale

Pérez 2010, [15]

Full-Text

M-IMU (n = 4),

Xsens MTi

Unilateral:

UA (18 cm from acromion), FA (25 cm from epicondyle), hand (5.5 cm from distal radio-cubital joint), back (position is not relevant)

Strap

Sh ROM,

r = 0.997 (for sh IR, after calibration)

BTS SMART-D

Sh FLX-EXT

Sh horizontal AB-AD

Sh IR

Elb FLX

Elb PR-SU

Wri FLX-EXT

Serving water from a jar

HS (n = 1, F)

Validate the system

Bento 2011, [50]

Conference

M-IMU (n = 4)

Bilateral:

Shoulder, UA, wrist (affected and unaffected side)

Strap

Sh orientation and position

–

FA to Table

FA to box

Extend elbow

Hand to table

Hand to box

SP (n = 5, M)

35–73 Y

Preliminary validation of a system able to quantify upper limb motor function in patients after neurological trauma

Nguyen 2011, [51]

Full-Text

OLE (n = 3)

Acc (n = 3)

Unilateral:

Shoulder, elbow, wrist

Clothing module fixed with Velcro straps

Sh ROM,

Test2: RMSE = 3.8° (gon), RMSE = 3.1° (SW)

Test3: ICC = 0.975 (sh)

Test2: gon, Shape-

Wrap

Test2: Bend and

Flex elbow

Test3: reaching task

Test2:

HS (n = 3, M);

Test3:

HS (n = 5)

Validation of the proposed motion capture system

Ding 2013, [52]

Full-Text

M-IMU (n = 2),

Analog Device (acc: ADXL320), HoneyWell (magn: HMC1 053), Silicon Sensing System (gyr)

Unilateral:

UA (distal, near elbow), FA (distal, near wrist)

Velcro strap

Sh ROM

–

Replication of 10 reference arm posture

HS (n = 5)

20–27 Y

Check the feasibility of the proposed system which measures orientation and corrects upper limb posture using vibrotactile actuators

Lee 2014, [53]

Full-Text

M-IMU (n = 7),

Analog Device (acc:ADXL 345)

InvenSense

(gyr: ITG3200)

Honeywell

(magn: HMC5883L)

Bilateral:

Back, UA, FA and hand

Strap

Sh ROM,

Test1: r = 0.963

Test2: RMSE< 5°

Test1:

gon

Test2: VICON

Sh FLX-EXT

Sh AB

Arm IER

Elb FLX

FA PR-SU

Wri FLX-EXT

Wri radial-ulnar deviation

SP (n = 5)

2 M, 3 F

Mean age: 68 Y

Introduce a smartphone centric wireless wearable system able to automate joint ROM measurements and detect the type of activities in stroke patients

Bai 2015, [54]

Full-Text

M-IMU (n = 4 or n = 1),

Xsens MTx

Unilateral

Scapula, UA, FA, back of the hand or only on UA

Velfoam, Velcro straps

Sh ROM

(upper limb segments orientation and position)

Test1:

gon

Test2:

gon, VICON

Sh FLX-EXT

Sh IER

Sh AB-AD

Elb FLX-EXT

FA PR-SU

Wri FLX-EXT

Wri radial-ulnar deviation

HS (n = 10)

8 M, 2 F

20–38 Y

P (n = 1), F

41 Y

Evaluate a four-sensor system and a one-sensor system, investigate whether these systems are able to obtain quantitative motion information from patients’ assessment during neurorehabilitation

Ertzgaard 2016, [55]

Full-Text

IMU (n = 5),

Analog Device, Adis 16,350

Bilateral:

Back (upper body), UA and FA

Strap

Sh ROM

(HT joint angles),

ICC = 0.768–0.985

Coda

Movements that mimic activities of daily life

HS (n = 10)

2 M, 8 F

34.3 ± 13.1Y

SP (n = 1), F, 43 Y

Validation study to characterize elbow and shoulder motion during functional task using a modified Exposure Variation Analysis (EVA)

Lorussi 2016, [56]

Full-Text

M-IMU (n = 2),

Xsens MTw

Strain sensor (n = 1),

Smartex

Unilateral:

M-IMU sensors on sternum and UA

Textile-based strain sensor on the back (from the spine to scapula)

Shirt

Sh ROM

(HT joint angle and scapular translation)

BTS SMART-DX

UA FLX (sagittal plane)

UA AB (frontal plane)

HS (n = 5)

Validate sensors and data fusion algorithm to reconstruct scapular-humeral rhythm

Mazamenos 2016, [57]

Full-Text

M-IMU (n = 2),

Shimmer2r

Unilateral:

UA (distal, near elbow), FA (distal, near wrist)

Straps

Sh ROM (segments’ orientation and position)

–

EXP1: Reach and retrieve, lift object to mouth, rotate an object

EXP2: preparing a cup of tea

HS (n = 18)

M, F

25–50 Y

SP (n = 4)

M, F

45–73 Y

Evaluate the performance and robustness of a detection and discrimination algorithm of arm movements

Jiang 2017, [58]

Conference

Acc (n = 4), Analog Device ADXL362

EMG (n = 4), Analog Device AD8232

Temperature (n = 1)

Unilateral:

along upper limb

Shirt

Sh ROM

–

4 typical joint actions performed in clinical assessment

HS (n = 1), M

Introduce an IoT-Bases upper limb rehabilitation assessment system for stroke patients

Li 2017, [59]

Full-Text

IMU (n = 2), InvenSense, MPU-9250

EMG (n = 10), American Imex, Dermatrode

Unilateral:

IMU: UA, wrist

EMG: FA (n = 8), UA (n = 2)

Stretchable belt

Sh ROM

–

11 tasks including:

Sh FLX, Sh AB

Wri FLX-EXT,

Fetch and hold a ball or a cylindric roll, finger to nose, touch the back of the sh, FA PR-SU

HS (n = 16)

10 M, 6 F

36.25 ± 15.19Y

SP (n = 18)

11 M, 7 F

55.28 ± 12.25 Y

Propose data fusion from IMU and surface EMG for quantitative motor function evaluation in stroke subjects

Newman 2017, [60]

Full-Text

IMU (n = 3), Gait Up SA Physilog4

Bilateral:

sternum, UA (posterior)

Velcro straps, adhesive patch

Sh ROM

(HT joint angles)

–

Reaching movements (lateral, forward, upward)

Children (n = 30)

10.6 ± 3.4 Y

17 boys, 13 girls

Test an IMU-based system to measure upper limb function in children with hemiparesis and its correlation with clinical scores

Yang e Tan 2017, [61]

Conference

M-IMU (n = 4), APDM Opal

Unilateral:

Waist, thorax, UA (distal, near elbow), FA (distal, near elbow)

Straps

Sh ROM

(HT joint angles)

Optitrack

Movements related with waist joint, sh joint and elb joints to achieve joint rotation

HS (n = 2)

Validate the proposed motion tracking system

Daunoraviciene 2018, [62]

Full-Text

M-IMU (n = 6), Shimmer

Bilateral:

UA, FA, hand (on centres of mass)

Strap

Sh ROM

–

FNT test (Sh EXT, sh AB, elb FLX, hand SU)

CG (n = 24)

7 M 31.14 ± 5.67

17 F

28 ± 3.97

MS-P (n = 34)

13 M

36.46 ± 13.07

21 F

42.19 ± 12.55

Test a M-IMU based system to identify quantitative parameters for evaluation of UL disability and relate it to clinical scores

Jung 2018, [63]

Conference

M-IMU (n = 5), Xsens MTw Awinda

Bilateral:

UA and FA, trunk

Velcro straps

Sh ROM

(HT join angles), RMSE = 0.32 for the estimation of movements qualities using data of the entire duration of movements

Quality of movements’ label provided by the therapist

Reaching exercise

SP (n = 5), F

66.6 ± 15.9 Y

Evaluate movements quality regarding compensation and inter-joint coordination; exploiting a supervised machine learning approach, validate the hypothesis that therapists’ evaluation can be made considering only the beginning movement data

Lin 2018, [64]

Full-Text

IMU (n = 2)

Unilateral:

UA (distal, near elbow), FA (dorsal aspect of the wrist)

Strap

Sh ROM

–

Sh FLX-EXT

Sh AB

Sh ER

Elb FLX

FA PR-SU

SP (n = 18):

n = 9, control group (62.6 ± 7.1)

n = 9, device group (52.2 ± 10.2 Y)

Evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of an IMU-based system for upper limb rehabilitation in stroke patients and compare the intervention effects with those in a control group

Repnik 2018, [7]

Full-Text

M-IMU (n = 7),

Myo armband, n = 2_ with n = 8 EMGs built-in, Thalamic labs

Bilateral:

-M-IMU: Back of the hand, wrist, UA (distal, near elbow), sternum

-MYO: FA (in the proximity of elbow joint)

Straps, armband

Sh ROM

(HT joint angles)

–

ARAT tasks: 19 movements divided in 4 subtests (grasp, grip, pinch, gross arm movement)

SP (n = 28)

18 M, 10 F

57 ± 9.1 Y

HS (n = 12)

9 M, 3 F

36 ± 8 Y

Quantify UL and trunk movement in stroke patients