Effects of pre-surgery physiotherapy on walking ability and lower extremity strength in patients with degenerative lumbar spine disorder: Secondary outcomes of the PREPARE randomised controlled trial

Table 4 Means in the PT-group gait speed (m/s) at normal and fast speed and in maximum voluntary muscle force (Kg) of the right and left m. Quadriceps at baseline and after 9 week pre-surgery intervention divided in number of treatment sessions. Within- and between groups differences over time

	Patients	Baseline		Within group changes			Between group change
	n, Treatment sessions (median, range)	Mean (SD)	p-Value	Mean (SD) change from baseline	p-Value	Effect size*	Mean difference (95% CI)	p-Value	Effect size** (95% CI)
Gait speed normal
0-11 treatment sessions	17 (5, 0-10)	1.15 (0.14)	0.711	−0.06 (0.10)	0.035	- 0.37	0.04 (−0.04 to 0.12)	0.305	−0.312 (−0.635 - 0.012)
≥ 12 treatment sessions	55 (18, 12-23)	1.12 (0.27)	0.711	− 0.10 (0.15)	< 0.001	- 0.37	0.04 (−0.04 to 0.12)	0.305	−0.312 (−0.635 - 0.012)
Gait speed fast
0-11 treatment sessions	17 (5, 0-10)	1.54 (0.32)	0.857	−0.05 (0.22)	0.299	- 0.21	0.08 (−0.04 to 0.19)	0.181	−0.372 (− 0.698 - -0.046)
≥ 12 treatment sessions	55 (18, 12-23)	1.52 (0.40)	0.857	−0.13 (0.21)	< 0.001	- 0.84	0.08 (−0.04 to 0.19)	0.181	−0.372 (− 0.698 - -0.046)
Quadriceps strength, right
0-11 treatment sessions	18 (5, 0-10)	25.23 (9.01)	0.069	−1.93 (7.50)	0.289	- 0.19	- 0.26 (−3.34 to 2.80)	0.865	0.014 (−0,277 – 0.36)
≥ 12 treatment sessions	54 (18, 12-23)	21.23 (7.58)	0.069	−1.67 (4.96)	0.016	- 0.20	- 0.26 (−3.34 to 2.80)	0.865	0.014 (−0,277 – 0.36)
Quadriceps strength, left
0-11 treatment sessions	18 (5, 0-10)	22.51 (8.30)	0.765	−3.82 (10.50)	0.141	- 0.36	- 1.90 (−5.80 to 2.10)	0.354	0.22 (−0.101 – 0.541)
≥ 12 treatment sessions	54 (18, 12-23)	21.80 (8.81)	0.765	−1.96 (5.96)	0.019	- 0.22	- 1.90 (−5.80 to 2.10)	0.354	0.22 (−0.101 – 0.541)

SD standard deviation, CI confidence interval. Bold text p < .05. *Cohen d, **Hedges g

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