Table 1 Risk factors at baseline for disabling wrist/hand pain in past month at follow-up
From: Determinants of international variation in the prevalence of disabling wrist and hand pain
Risk factor | Number of subjects | Number with disabling WHP | Association with disabling wrist/hand pain | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PRR | (95%CI)a | PAF(%)b | |||
Sex | |||||
Male | 3099 | 225 | 1 | ||
Female | 5983 | 1148 | 1.7 | (1.5,2.1) | 35.8 |
Age (years) | |||||
20–29 | 2094 | 252 | 1 | ||
30–39 | 2920 | 369 | 0.9 | (0.8,1.1) | |
40–49 | 2607 | 459 | 1.2 | (1.0,1.4) | |
50–59 | 1461 | 293 | 1.3 | (1.0,1.7) | 5.3 |
Smoking status | |||||
Never smoked | 5865 | 913 | 1 | ||
Ex-smoker | 1290 | 207 | 1.2 | (1.0,1.3) | 2.0 |
Current smoker | 1903 | 251 | 1.1 | (1.0,1.3) | |
Missing | 24 | 2 | |||
Use of keyboard or other repeated movements of wrist/hand for > 4 h | 6742 | 1159 | 1.3 | (1.1,1.6) | 21.3 |
Psychosocial aspects of work | |||||
Work for > 50 h per week | 2052 | 178 | 1.0 | (0.8,1.1) | |
Time pressure at work | 6776 | 1074 | 1.1 | (1.0,1.2) | 8.1 |
Incentives at work | 2509 | 380 | 1.1 | (1.0,1.2) | |
Lack of support at work | 2340 | 444 | 1.0 | (0.9,1.2) | |
Job dissatisfaction | 1766 | 233 | 1.0 | (0.9,1.2) | |
Lack of job control | 1827 | 289 | 1.0 | (0.9,1.2) | |
Job securityc | 6407 | 993 | 1.1 | (1.0,1.2) | 6.3 |
Number of distressing somatic symptoms in past week | |||||
0 | 5444 | 562 | 1 | ||
1 | 1978 | 360 | 1.2 | (1.1,1.4) | 5.1 |
2+ | 1610 | 441 | 1.4 | (1.2,1.6) | 9.4 |
Missing | 50 | 10 | |||
Mental health | |||||
Good | 3612 | 477 | 1 | ||
Intermediate | 2739 | 407 | 1.1 | (1.0,1.2) | |
Poor | 2697 | 486 | 1.2 | (1.0,1.3) | 4.9 |
Missing | 34 | 3 | |||
Adverse health beliefs about arm pain | |||||
Work-relatedness | 2746 | 547 | 1.1 | (1.0,1.2) | |
Physical activity | 1110 | 174 | 1.0 | (0.9,1.1) | |
Prognosis | 929 | 204 | 1.2 | (1.1,1.4) | 2.8 |
Individual pain propensity index | |||||
0 | 2028 | 115 | 1 | ||
1 | 2014 | 193 | 1.4 | (1.1,1.8) | 4.3 |
2 | 1870 | 262 | 1.8 | (1.5,2.2) | 8.7 |
3 | 1307 | 242 | 2.2 | (1.8,2.7) | 9.6 |
4 | 938 | 210 | 2.4 | (2.0,2.9) | 8.9 |
5 | 499 | 171 | 3.2 | (2.5,4.0) | 8.5 |
6+ | 426 | 180 | 3.6 | (2.9,4.4) | 9.4 |
Heard of “RSI” or equivalent | 5084 | 789 | 1.0 | (0.9,1.1) | |