Table 1 Characteristics of included studies

  Nakamura, 2017 [17]

G1: Zoledronate 5 mg/year, intravenous infusion;

G2: PLC

Both groups

Both groups

0.6%

  Black, 1996 [18]

G1: Alendronate 5 mg/d on the first 2 years,

10 mg/d on the third year

G2: PLC

Selectively offer

Selectively offer

9%

  Kushida, 2004 ^a [19]

G1: Alendronate 5 mg/d

G2: Alfacalcidol 1 μg/d

1.5 g/d

Alfacalcidol

30%

  Liberman, 1995 ^a [20]

G1: Alendronate 5–10 mg/d

G2: PLC

All groups

Not reported

16%

  Clemmesen, 1997 [21]

G1: Risedronate 2.5 mg/d continuously

G2: Risedronate 2.5 mg/ cyclically

G3: PLC

All groups

Not reported

30%

  Reginster, 2000 [22]

G1: Risedronate 5 mg/d;

G2: Risedronate 2.5 mg/d;

G3: PLC

All groups

All groups

42%

  Sorensen, 2003 [23]

G1: Risedronate 5 mg/d

G2: PLC

Both groups

Both groups

17%

  Fogelman, 2000 ^a [24]

G1: Risedronate 2.5 mg/d

G2: Risedronate 5 mg/d

G3: PLC

All groups

Not reported

21%

  Harris, 1999 [25]

G1: Risedronate 5 mg/d;

G2: Risedronate 2.5 mg/d;

G3: PLC

All groups

All groups

42%

  Guanabens, 2000 [26]

G1: Etidronate 400 mg/d for 14 days in a cyclic of 90 days

G2: Sodium fluoride 50 mg/d

Selectively offer

Not reported

34%

  Lyritis, 1997 [27]

G1: Etidronate 400 mg/d for 20 days in a cyclic of 90 days

G2: 5 days’ vitamin D + 85 days calcium

Both groups

Both groups

26%

  Montessori, 1997 ^a [28]

G1: Etidronate 400 mg/d for 14 days in a cyclic of 90 days

G2: Calcium 500 mg/d

Selectively offer

Not reported

20%

  Shiota, 2001 ^a [29]

G1: Etidronate 200 mg/d for 14 days in a cyclic of 84 days

G2:2 g/d calcium and 0.5 μg/d alphacalcidol for 2 years

Selectively offer

Selectively offer

Not reported

  Harris, 1993 [36]

G1: PLC and PLC

G2: Phosphate and PLC

G3: PLC and Etidronate 400 mg/daily for 14 in a cycle of 91 days

G4: Phosphate and Etidronate

All groups

Not mentioned

20%

  Watts, 1990 [30]

G1: PLC for 17 days in a cyclic of 91 days

G2: Phosphonate 2 g/d for 3 days in a cyclic of 91 days

G3: Etidronate 400 mg/d for 14 days in a cyclic of 91 days

G4: Phosphonate 2 g/d for 3 days + Etidronate 400 mg/d for next 14 days in a cyclic of 91 days

All groups

Not reported

14%

  Chesnut, 2004 [31]

G1: Ibandronate 2.5 mg/d, oral

G2: Ibandronate 20 mg alternate day for 12 doses every 3 months, oral

G3: PLC

All arms

All arms

34%

  Recker, 2004 [32]

G1: Ibandronate 0.5 mg injection, every 3 months

G2: Ibandronate 1 mg injection, every 3 months

G2: PLC

All arms

All arms

18%

  Matsumoto, 2009 [33]

G1: Minodronate 1 mg/d

G2: PLC

Both groups

Both groups

31%

  Reid, 1994 [34]

G1: Pamidronate 150 mg/d

G2: PLC

Both groups

Not reported

79%

  Brumsen, 2002 [35]

G1: Pamidronate 150 mg/d

G2: PLC

Both groups

Both groups

10%

  Peichl, 1999 [37]

G1: Nasal salmon calcitonin 100 IU twice daily for 2 months with a pause of 2 months

G2: Control group

Both groups

Only control groups

Not reported

  Hodsman, 1997 [38]

G1: PTH sc injections 800 IU/d for 28 days in a cyclic of 90 days

G2: PTH sc injections 800 IU/d for 28 days + salmon calcitonin 75 U/d for 42 days in a cyclic of 90 days

Both groups

Not prescribed

23%

  Chesnut, 2005 [39]

G1: Calcitonin nasal spray 200 IU/d

G2: Placebo nasal spray

Both groups

Not reported

78%

  Gutteridge, 2002 [40]

G1: Fluoride

G2: Control group

G3: Fluoride + Estrogen 0.625 mg/d

G4: Estrogen 0.625 mg/d

All groups

All groups

24%

  Wimalawansa, 1998 [41]

G1: HRT group, Permarin 0.625 mg/d + norgestril 150 μg for 12 days each month

G2: Etidronate group, Etidronate 400 mg/d for 14 days each 12 week

G3: Combined therapy, combination of G1 and G2 with same dose

G4: control group

All groups

All groups

17%

  Lufkin, 1992 [42]

G1: Estrogen group, Estradiol 0.1 mg/d on the first 21 days + medroxyprogesterone acetate for the days 11 to 21 in a 28 days’ cycle

G2: Placebo

Both

Not reported

  Neer, 2001 [43]

G1: rhPTH 20 μg/d

G2: rhPTH 40 μg/d

G3: PLC

All groups

All groups

6%

  Nakamura, 2012 [44]

G1: Teriparatide 56.5 μg/w, sc injection

G2: PLC, sc injection

Both groups

Both groups

400 IU/d

26%

  Greenspan, 2001^a [46]

G1: Teriparatide 100 μg/d, sc injection

G2: PLC

Both groups

Both groups

33%

  Fujita, 2014 [45]

G1: Teriparatide 28.2 μg/w, injection

G2: Teriparatide 1.4 μg/w, injection

Both groups

Not prescribed

17%

  Nakamura, 2014 [48]

G1: Denosumab 60 mg/6 months, sc injection

G2: PLC

G3: Alendronate 35 mg/w

All groups

All groups

13%

  Boonen, 2011 ^b [49]

G1: Denosumab 60 mg/6 months, sc

G2: PLC

Both groups

Both groups

18%

  Saag, 2017 [55]

G1: Alendronate: 70 mg/w

G2: Romosozumab: 210 mg/m sc injection

Both groups

Both groups

11%

  Ettinger, 1999 ^a [50]

G1: Raloxifene 60 mg/d

G2: Raloxifene 120 mg/d

G3: PLC

All groups

All groups

23%

  Lufkin, 1998 [51]

G1: Raloxifene 60 mg/d

G2: Raloxifene 120 mg/d

G3: PLC

All groups

All groups

9%

  Palacios, 2015 ^a [52]

G1: Bazedoxifene 60 mg/d

G2: Bazedoxifene 40 mg/d

G3: Bazedoxifene 20 mg/d

G4: PLC

All groups

All groups

74%

 Kushida, 2004 b [53]

G1: Risedronate 2.5 mg/d

G2: Etidronate 200 mg/d cyclically

Both groups

Not reported

21%

 Nakamura, 2013 [56]

G1: Ibandronate 0.5 mg injection per month

G2: Ibandronate 1 mg iv injection per month

G3: Risedronate 2.5 mg/d

All arms

All arms

10%

 Hadji, 2012 [57]

G1: Risedronate: 35 mg/w

G2: Teriparatide: 20 μg/w subcutaneous injection

Both groups

Both groups

26%

 Kendler, 2017 [58]

G1: Risedronate 35 mg/w

G2: Teriparatite: 20 μg/d subcutaneous injection

Both groups

Both groups

26%