Study | Definition of Opioid User | Justification | Opioid Use | Source of Pharmacy Data | Included Opioids | Preoperative Duration | Preoperative Dose (MED) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Zywiel et al. | Any documented opioid use (minimum ≥20 mg morphine equivalents per day) for minimum 6 weeks prior to index procedure | Chu et al (2006) | N/A | Prescription records, clinic notes and admission records | N/A | Minimum 6 weeks | 58 mg |
Smith et al. | At least 1 opioid prescription within 2 years of index surgery | N/A | 23% | Clinical visit notes, anesthesiology reports, discharge notes, prescription history, and medication lists. | Oxycodone, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, morphine, tramadol, codeine | N/A | N/A |
Franklin et al. | Any documented opioid prescription prior to index procedure | N/A | 24% | Administrative Database | Percocet, Vicodin, Darvocet, Tylenol with codeine ‘other’ | N/A | N/A |
Pivec et al. | Minimum of 6 weeks of narcotic use (minimum ≥30 mg morphine equivalents per day) prior to index TKA | Chu et al (2006) | N/A | Clinic charts, in-patient hospital medication administration records, prescription documentation, and phone interviews | Morphine, codeine, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, methadone, meperidine, oxycodone, propoxyphene, tramadol, transdermal fentanyl | Minimum 6 weeks | N/A |
Nguyen et al. | Continuous opioid use for at least 4 weeks prior to index procedure | Chu et al (2006) | N/A | Clinic and referral notes | N/A | Minimum 4 weeks | a Low 34% Medium 17% High 15% Very High 34% |
Goesling et al. | Patient-reported opioids use prior to index procedure | N/A | 29% | Chart review, confirmed by patient | N/A | N/A | N/A |
 | Mean b | 24% |  |