Effect of 6-week retro or forward walking program on pain, functional disability, quadriceps muscle strength, and performance in individuals with knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trial (retro-walking trial)

Table 2 Participant characteristics at baseline

	All	Retro walking group	Forward walking group	Control group	p value
Mean age (min-max), years	55.6 (45–66)	54.6 (45–66)	55.3 (47–65)	56. 8 (46–66)	.471
Gender (male/female), n	30/38	12/11	9/14	9/13	.639
Mean weight (min-max), kg	62.8 (40–100)	63.4 (40–100)	62.6 (49–78)	62.3 (46–78)	.921
Mean height (min-max), m	1.5 (1.4–1.7)	1.5 (1.4–1.7)	1.5 (1.4–1.7)	1.5 (1.4–1.7)	.788
Mean BMI (min-max), kg/m²	26.1 (14.7–33.3)	26.2 (14.7–33.3)	26.1 (18.1–30.5)	26.1 (20.4–30.1)	.952
Mean (SD) NRS	5.9 (0.8)	5.7 (0.8)	6.1 (0.7)	5.8 (0.8)	.197
Mean (SD) WOMAC, %	53.3 (3.2)	52.9 (3.3)	53.3 (3.1)	53.8 (3.3)	.639
Mean (SD) Quadriceps muscle strength, kg	10.8 (1.9)	11.1 (2.2)	11.04 (1.6)	10.2 (1.9)	.235
Mean (SD) TUG, sec	9.4 (0.3)	9.4 (0.4)	9.3 (0.3)	9.3 (0.3)	.599

NRS numerical rating scale, WOMAC Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index, n number of participants, TUG timed up and go test

ISSN: 1471-2474