Table 1 Characteristics of participants by study group
Characteristic | UK white | UK of Indian subcontinental origin | India | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Non-manual (n = 172) | Manual (n = 159) | Non-manual (n = 67) | Manual (n = 73) | Non-manual (n = 165) | Manual (n = 178) | |
Age (years) | ||||||
17–24 | 34 (20%) | 13 (8%) | 20 (30%) | 19 (26%) | 70 (42%) | 5 (3%) |
24–34 | 37 (22%) | 42 (26%) | 34 (51%) | 21 (29%) | 75 (45%) | 23 (13%) |
35–44 | 44 (26%) | 51 (32%) | 7 (10%) | 24 (33%) | 19 (12%) | 46 (26%) |
45–63 | 57 (33%) | 53 (33%) | 6 (9%) | 9 (12%) | 1 (1%) | 104 (58%) |
Sex | ||||||
Male | 93 (54%) | 82 (52%) | 53 (79%) | 45 (62%) | 118 (72%) | 177 (99%) |
Female | 79 (46%) | 77 (48%) | 14 (21%) | 28 (38%) | 47 (28%) | 1 (1%) |
Mental health | ||||||
Good | 48 (28%) | 28 (18%) | 15 (22%) | 18 (25%) | 50 (30%) | 85 (48%) |
Intermediate | 57 (33%) | 58 (36%) | 27 (40%) | 18 (25%) | 56 (34%) | 68 (38%) |
Poor | 67 (39%) | 73 (46%) | 25 (37%) | 37 (51%) | 59 (36%) | 25 (14%) |
Occupational activities in an average working day | ||||||
Use keyboard ≥4 h | 137 (80%) | 4 (3%) | 44 (66%) | 0 (0%) | 163 (99%) | 3 (2%) |
Other repeated movements of wrist/hand ≥4 h | 4 (2%) | 147 (92%) | 0 (0%) | 69 (95%) | 23 (14%) | 171 (96%) |
Repeated bending/straightening of elbow for > 1 h in total | 81 (47%) | 140 (88%) | 40 (60%) | 68 (93%) | 88 (53%) | 163 (92%) |
Work with hand above shoulder height > 1 h in total | 2 (1%) | 60 (38%) | 1 (1%) | 27 (37%) | 8 (5%) | 68 (38%) |
Work with neck twisted > 30 min in total | 19 (11%) | 67 (42%) | 11 (16%) | 31 (42%) | 40 (24%) | 82 (46%) |
Lifting ≥5 kg one-handed | 5 (3%) | 53 (33%) | 4 (6%) | 30 (41%) | 8 (5%) | 136 (76%) |
Psychosocial aspects of work | ||||||
Incentives | 103 (60%) | 8 (5%) | 50 (75%) | 5 (7%) | 16 (10%) | 4 (2%) |
Time pressure | 69 (40%) | 118 (74%) | 23 (34%) | 54 (74%) | 129 (78%) | 170 (96%) |
Support | 166 (97%) | 157 (99%) | 65 (97%) | 72 (99%) | 162 (98%) | 175 (98%) |
Choice | 89 (52%) | 112 (70%) | 27 (40%) | 53 (73%) | 145 (88%) | 32 (18%) |