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Table 5 Healing index in previous comparative studies demonstrating the efficacy of LIPUS stimulation during tibial lengthening

From: Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound enhances callus consolidation in distraction osteogenesis of the tibia by the technique of lengthening over the nail procedure

Article

Type of external fixation

Gain of length (cm)

Timing of LIPUS

Treatment time

Group

Total no. of segments

Age at operation (yrs)

Healing index

(d/cm)

P value

El-Mowafi and Mohsen [24]

Ilizarov

6.1 (5 to 8)

Consolidation period

20 min/day

LIPUS

10

35 (18 to 45)

30 (27 to 36)

<  0.001

control

9

48 (42 to 75)

Dudda et al. [25]†

Regazzoni (23) Ilizarov (6) Hybrid type (7)

6.6 (2.5 to 14.0)

–

20 min/day

LIPUS

16

34.9 (17 to 64)

32.8 ± 13.1

0.116

control

20

42.4 (16 to 69)

44.6 ± 26.8

Salem and Schmelz [26]

Ilizarov

7.9

Distraction and consolidation period

20 min/day

LIPUS

12

32

33

–

control

9

29

45

Current study‡

Lengthening over nail

7.9 (5.0 to 10.5)

Distraction and early consolidation period

20 min/day

LIPUS

30

22.1 (17 to 34)

36.6 (21.7 to 51.6)

< 0.001

control

30

20.6 (17 to 25)

57.5 (32.5 to 64.8)

  1. LIPUS, Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound
  2. * Data presented in the parenthesis mean range
  3. † The authors measured external fixation index instead of healing index
  4. ‡ Healing index at the last consolidated cortex among the four cortices