Table 1 In- and exclusion criteria checked in the insurance database

Inclusion

- Age ≥ 18 years

- ≥ 2 cases of settlement data due to ICD codes M40-M54

- Additionally, one of the following three

 - ≥ 1 cases of temporary work disability in the past 12 months due to ICD codes M40-M54,

 - two opioid prescriptions or

 - settlement data due to one of the following ICD-10 codes: F32.-, F33.-, F34.1–34.9, F38.-, F41.2, F43.2, F45.4, F48.0, F54, F62.8

Exclusion

- Care level II or III (long-term care insurance act, SGBXI)

- ICD codes in the past 12 months (settlement data ≥2 for the same diagnosis or ≥ 5 different)

 - B16.-16.9, B17.1, B20–24, D00-D09.9, F00.-F09, F10.0–19.9 (not F17.0–9), F20.-F29, F30.-F30.9, F31.-F31.9, F42.-F42.9, F60.-F60.9, G00–09, G10, G13.-G13.8, G23.-G23.9, G30.-32.8, G36.-G36.9, G37.9, G92, G93.-G93.9, H54.0, H91.3, I64, K74.-K74.6, N18.0, N18.3–4, N18.9, R54