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Table 2 Logistic regression with hip pain as dependent variable. N = 952

From: Hip pain in children with cerebral palsy: a population-based registry study of risk factors

Variable

Hip pain / sample size (%)d

Odds Ratio (95% CI)

Agea

952

 

1.0

(0.92 - 1.09)

Gender

 Male

46 / 572

(8.0)

1.0

 

 Female

40 / 380

(10.5)

1.21

(0.72–2.05)

GMFCS

 II

11 / 277

(4.0)

1.0

 

 III

10 / 180

(5.6)

1.04

(0.40–2.67)

 IV

23 / 290

(7.9)

1.10

(0.46–2.68)

 V

42 / 205

(20.5)

2.40

(0.97–5.96)

Spasticityb

 Hip flexors level 0

41 / 670

(6.1)

1.0

 

 level 1

36 / 230

(15.7)

1.50

(0.83–2.72)

 level 2

2 / 31

(6.5)

0.54

(0.09–3.25)

 levels 3–4

7 / 21

(33.3)

3.55

(0.82 - 15.41)

 Hip extensors level 0

40 / 644

(6.2)

1.0

 

 level 1

33 / 216

(15.3)

1.0

(0.52–1.93)

 level 2

8 / 64

(12.5)

0.36

(0.11–1.16)

 levels 3–4

5 / 28

(17.9)

0.38

(0.08 - 1.83)

 Hip adductors level 0

17 / 385

(4.4)

1.0

 

 level 1

39 / 387

(10.1)

1.86

(0.91–3.83)

 level 2

18 / 128

(14.1)

1.73

(0.69–4.33)

 levels 3–4

12 / 52

(23.1)

2.87

(0.91–8.99)

 Knee flexors level 0

16 / 275

(5.8)

1.0

 

 level 1

43 / 458

(9.4)

0.80

(0.38–1.69)

 level 2

14 / 156

(9.0)

0.65

(0.26–1.63)

 levels 3–4

13 / 63

(20.6)

0.96

(0.30–3.09)

 Knee extensors level 0

36 / 592

(6.1)

1.0

 

 level 1

26 / 265

(9.8)

0.69

(0.36–1.33)

 level 2

15 / 65

(23.1)

2.81

(1.18–6.69)

 levels 3–4

9 / 30

(30.0)

0.84

(0.20–3.56)

Range of motionc

 Knee Extension

952

 

0.97

(0.85–1.10)

 Hamstring

952

 

0.93

(0.84–1.02)

 Hip inward rotation

952

 

1.11

(1.01–1.20)

 Hip outward rotation

952

 

0.95

(0.88–1.04)

 Hip Extension

952

 

1.09

(0.96–1.25)

 Hip Flexion

952

 

1.18

(1.05–1.32)

 Hip Abduction

952

 

1.20

(1.04–1.41)

Hip migration percentage

 0–30

46 / 721

(6.4)

1.0

1.0

 31–40

19 / 147

(12.9)

2.11

(1.1–4.06)

 41–100

21 / 84

(25.0)

2.72

(1.32–5.59)

  1. GMFCS Gross Motor Function Classification System
  2. CI Confidence Interval
  3. aAge stated as increase with one year
  4. bSpasticity classified according to the Modified Ashworth Scale with levels 3 and 4 grouped together
  5. cRange of motion stated as decrease with five degrees
  6. dFor continuous variables (age and range of motion), only sample size is presented