Table 3 Association between low back pain and the weight of school bag and other risk factors among 918 public high school students in Kuwait, 2017
From: Prevalence of low Back pain among adolescents in relation to the weight of school bags
Factor | Odds ratio of LBP (6-month) | |
|---|---|---|
OR [95% CI] | p-value1 | |
Bag weight in kg | ||
≤ 5.32 | 1.00 [Reference] | 0.620 |
5.33–7.35 | 1.17 [0.85–1.61] | |
≥ 7.36 | 1.10 [0.80–1.50] | |
Bag weight as percent of body weight | ||
< 10% | 1.00[Reference] | 0.041 |
10 to 15% | 1.42 [1.07–1.90] | |
≥ 15% | 0.95 [0.62–1.10] | |
Gender | ||
Males | 1.00 [Reference] | <0.001 |
Females | 2.17 [1.66–2.82] | |
Age (years) | 0.98 [0 .87–1.11] | 0.792 |
Nationality | ||
Kuwaiti | 1.00 [Reference] | 0.790 |
Non-Kuwaiti | 1.04 [0.76–1.44] | |
Governorate | ||
Al-Jahra | 1.00 [Reference] | 0.102 |
Hawalli | 0.96 [0.62–1.49] | |
Al-Asimah (Capital) | 1.11 [0.72–1.71] | |
Al-Farwaniyah | 0.76 [0.49–1.18] | |
Al-Ahmadi | 0.62 [0.41–0.95] | |
Mubarak Al-Kabeer | 0.90 [0.55–1.46] | |
Father’s education | ||
No formal education/ middle school | 1.00 [Reference] | 0.093 |
High school | 0.89 [0.56–1.40] | |
Diploma/university degree | 1.15 [0.75–1.75] | |
Unknown | 0.74 [0.46–1.20] | |
Mother’s education | ||
No formal education/middle school | 1.00 [Reference] | 0.332 |
High school | 1.14 [0.74–1.73] | |
Diploma/university degree | 1.32 [0.90–1.95] | |
Unknown | 1.00 [0.63–1.60] | |
Perceived heaviness of school bag1 | ||
Light | 1.00 [Reference] | < 0.001 |
Normal | 1.24 [0.70–2.18] | |
Heavy | 1.98 [1.13–3.50] | |
Very heavy | 4.20 [2.19–8.06] | |
Carrying a school bag ≤4 days or never3 | 1.00 [Reference] | < 0.001 |
Carrying a school bag every day | 2.84 [1.72–4.68] | |
Number of bags taken to school | ||
None | 1.00 [Reference] | < 0.001 |
One | 2.95 [1.76–4.97] | |
Two | 4.14 [1.56–11.00] | |
More than two | 8.00 [.79–81.25] | |
The way of carrying school bag4 | ||
On two shoulders | 1.00 [Reference] | 0.384 |
On one shoulder | 1.02 [0.72–1.43] | |
Others | 0.54 [0.98–1.33] | |
Using lockers to reduce the weight of school bag | ||
Yes | 1.00 [Reference] | 0.156 |
No | 0.46 [0.16–1.34] | |
Walking to/from school per week5 | ||
None | 1.00 [Reference] | 0.41 |
1–8 times | 0.78 [0.50–1.21] | |
Every day (10 times) | 1.21 [0.68–2.16] | |
Playing sports per week | ||
None | 1.00 [Reference] | 0.97 |
Once | 1.03 [0.69–1.55] | |
2–3 times | 1.09 [0.76–1.58] | |
More than 3 times | 1.06 [0.73–1.55] | |
Watching TV/ using computer per day | ||
≤ 2 h | 1.00 [Reference] | 0.012 |
3–5 h | 1.33 [0.97–1.82] | |
≥ 6 h | 1.76 [1.16–2.68] | |
Using iPad/ playing videogames per day | ||
≤ 2 h | 1.00 [Reference] | 0.492 |
3–5 h | 1.21 [0.88–1.66] | |
≥ 6 h | 0.99 [0.66–1.49] | |
Studying/ doing homework/ reading per day | ||
≤ 2 h | 1.00 [Reference] | 0.483 |
3–5 h | 1.09 [0.79–1.48] | |
≥ 6 h | 1.43 [0.78–2.62] | |
Favorite place for studying at home | ||
Bed | 1.00 [Reference] | 0.963 |
Desk | 0.94 [0.69–1.28] | |
Floor | 1.04 [0.72–1.50] | |
Couch | 0.95 [0.61–1.49] | |
Other | 0.63 [0.10–3.84] | |
Cigarette smoking | ||
Non-smoker | 1.00 [Reference] | 0.060 |
Ex-smoker | 0.64 [0.38–1.09] | |
Current smoker | 0.71 [0.52–1.01] | |
Shisha smoking | ||
Non-smoker | 1.00 [Reference] | 0.410 |
Ex-smoker | 1.45 [0.64–3.26] | |
Current smoker | 0.76 [0.43–1.35] | |
GPA of the participant | ||
Less than 74% | 1.00 [Reference] | 0.277 |
74%- less than 85% | 1.16 [0.84–1.95] | |
≥ 85% | 1.29 [0.94–1.77] | |
BMI categories6 | ||
Normal/underweight | 1.00 [Reference] | 0.587 |
Overweight | 1.20 [0.85–1.70 | |
Obese | 0.94 [0.70–1.27] | |
Underweight | 0.88 [0.33–2.31] | |