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Table 5 Hazard ratios for rheumatoid arthritis phenotypes according to quartiles of marine omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acida intake in the Nurses’ Health Study and Nurses’ Health Study II (n = 166,013)

From: Association of fish intake and smoking with risk of rheumatoid arthritis and age of onset: a prospective cohort study

 

Marine omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid intakea

Quartile 1

Quartile 2

Quartile 3

Quartile 4

p for trend

HR (95%CI)

HR (95%CI)

HR (95%CI)

HR (95%CI)

All RA

 Cases/person-years

251/945,683

269/969,619

279/980,365

281/968,243

 

 Age-adjusted modelb

1.00 (Ref)

1.03 (0.87–1.22)

1.05 (0.88–1.24)

1.04 (0.88–1.24)

0.65

 Multivariable modelc

1.00 (Ref)

1.05 (0.88–1.25)

1.09 (0.91–1.31)

1.12 (0.91–1.37)

0.28

Seropositive RA

 Cases/person-years

167/943,993

153/967,552

177/978,198

175/966,331

 

 Age-adjusted modelb

1.00 (Ref)

0.88 (0.70–1.09)

1.00 (0.81–1.23)

0.97 (0.79–1.21)

0.82

 Multivariable modelc

1.00 (Ref)

0.92 (0.73–1.15)

1.08 (0.86–1.36)

1.12 (0.87–1.43)

0.19

Seronegative RA

 Cases/person-years

84/943,360

116/967,367

102/977,670

106/965,464

 

 Age-adjusted modelb

1.00 (Ref)

1.34 (1.01–1.77)

1.14 (0.86–1.53)

1.18 (0.89–1.58)

0.64

 Multivariable modelc

1.00 (Ref)

1.31 (0.98–1.75)

1.12 (0.82–1.51)

1.14 (0.81–1.59)

0.92

All RA among ≤ 55 years

 Cases/person-years

125/565,147

139/564,890

120/548,635

107/513,366

 

 Age-adjusted modelb

1.00 (Ref)

1.10 (0.87–1.41)

0.96 (0.75–1.24)

0.90 (0.69–1.17)

0.23

 Multivariable modelc

1.00 (Ref)

1.10 (0.86–1.41)

0.98 (0.75–1.27)

0.93 (0.69–1.25)

0.40

All RA among > 55 years

 Cases/person-years

126/386,863

130/411,627

159/438,231

174/461,250

 

 Age-adjusted modelb

1.00 (Ref)

0.96 (0.75–1.23)

1.12 (0.89–1.42)

1.16 (0.92–1.47)

0.097

 Multivariable modelc

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (0.77–1.28)

1.20 (0.93–1.54)

1.29 (0.98–1.69)

0.031

  1. aDietary and supplementary intake of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) were considered as marine omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids
  2. bAdjusted for age, questionnaire period, cohort, and total energy intake (continuous)
  3. cMultivariable models were adjusted for age, questionnaire period, cohort, total energy intake (continuous), median household income (quartiles), cigarette smoking (never, past 1–14/day, past ≥14/day, current 1–14/day, current ≥14/day), body mass index category (underweight/normal, overweight, obese), alcohol intake (never to < 5, 5 to < 10, ≥10 g/day), alpha-linolenic acid (g/d), trans fatty acids (g/d), saturated fatty acids (g/d), monounsaturated fatty acids (g/d), omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (g/d), and protein (g/d)
  4. CI confidence interval, HR hazard ratio, RA rheumatoid arthritis