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Table 4 Hazard ratios for rheumatoid arthritis phenotypes according to dichotomized cumulative average total fish intake in the Nurses’ Health Study and Nurses’ Health Study II (n = 166,013)

From: Association of fish intake and smoking with risk of rheumatoid arthritis and age of onset: a prospective cohort study

 

Total fish servings

None to < 1/month (low)

≥1/month (high)

p value

HR (95%CI)

HR (95%CI)

All RA

 Cases/person-years

53/185,861

1027/3,678,049

 

 Age-adjusted modela

1.00 (Ref)

0.84 (0.64–1.11)

0.23

 Multivariable modelb

1.00 (Ref)

0.85 (0.64–1.13)

0.27

Seropositive RA

 Cases/person-years

34/185,640

638/3,670,434

 

 Age-adjusted modela

1.00 (Ref)

0.84 (0.59–1.20)

0.34

 Multivariable modelb

1.00 (Ref)

0.86 (0.60–1.22)

0.39

Seronegative RA

 Cases/person-years

19/185,340

389/3,668,519

 

 Age-adjusted modela

1.00 (Ref)

0.84 (0.53–1.34)

0.47

 Multivariable modelb

1.00 (Ref)

0.85 (0.53–1.35)

0.48

All RA among ≤ 55 years

 Cases/person-years

37/134,613

454/2,057,424

 

 Age-adjusted modela

1.00 (Ref)

0.71 (0.50–1.00)

0.048

 Multivariable modelb

1.00 (Ref)

0.73 (0.52–1.02)

0.066

Seropositive RA among ≤ 55 years

 Cases/person-years

22/134,452

302/2,053,251

 

 Age-adjusted modela

1.00 (Ref)

0.83 (0.53–1.29)

0.40

 Multivariable modelb

1.00 (Ref)

0.85 (0.55–1.32)

0.47

Seronegative RA among ≤ 55 years

 Cases/person-years

15/134,186

152/2,051,358

 

 Age-adjusted modela

1.00 (Ref)

0.54 (0.31–0.92)

0.024

 Multivariable modelb

1.00 (Ref)

0.55 (0.32–0.94)

0.029

All RA among > 55 years

 Cases/person-years

16/52,659

573/1,645,311

 

 Age-adjusted modela

1.00 (Ref)

1.13 (0.69–1.87)

0.62

 Multivariable modelb

1.00 (Ref)

1.14 (0.69–1.88)

0.60

  1. aAdjusted for age, questionnaire period, cohort, and total energy intake (continuous)
  2. bMultivariable models were adjusted for age, questionnaire period, cohort, total energy intake (continuous), median household income (quartiles), cigarette smoking (never, past 1–14/day, past ≥15/day, current 1–14/day, current ≥15/day), body mass index category (underweight/normal, overweight, obese), and alcohol intake (never to < 5, 5 to < 10, ≥10 g/day)
  3. CI confidence interval, HR hazard ratio, RA rheumatoid arthritis