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Table 3 Hazard ratios for rheumatoid arthritis phenotypes according to categories of cumulative average total fish intake in the Nurses’ Health Study and Nurses’ Health Study II (n = 166,013)

From: Association of fish intake and smoking with risk of rheumatoid arthritis and age of onset: a prospective cohort study

 

Total fish servings

 

None to < 1/month

1/month to < 1/week

1 to < 2.5/week

2.5 to < 4/week

≥4/week

p for trend

HR (95%CI)

HR (95%CI)

HR (95%CI)

HR (95%CI)

HR (95%CI)

All RA

 Cases/person-years

53/185,861

175/705,447

513/1,888,251

200/649,928

139/434,424

 

 Age-adjusted modela

1.00 (Ref)

0.82 (0.60–1.11)

0.83 (0.62–1.11)

0.87 (0.64–1.19)

0.92 (0.66–1.27)

0.48

 Multivariable modelb

1.00 (Ref)

0.82 (0.60–1.12)

0.84 (0.63–1.12)

0.89 (0.65–1.22)

0.93 (0.67–1.28)

0.42

Seropositive RA

 Cases/person-years

34/185,640

116/704,320

308/1,884,304

133/648,527

81/433,284

 

 Age-adjusted modela

1.00 (Ref)

0.86 (0.59–1.27)

0.80 (0.56–1.15)

0.95 (0.64–1.39)

0.87 (0.57–1.31)

0.72

 Multivariable modelb

1.00 (Ref)

0.86 (0.59–1.27)

0.82 (0.57–1.17)

0.97 (0.66–1.43)

0.88 (0.58–1.33)

0.66

Seronegative RA

 Cases/person-years

19/185,340

59/703,876

205/1,883,542

67/648,136

58/432,966

 

 Age-adjusted modela

1.00 (Ref)

0.74 (0.44–1.25)

0.88 (0.54–1.41)

0.76 (0.45–1.27)

0.99 (0.59–1.69)

0.48

 Multivariable modelb

1.00 (Ref)

0.74 (0.44–1.25)

0.88 (0.55–1.42)

0.77 (0.46–1.29)

1.01 (0.59–1.71)

0.45

All RA among ≤ 55 years

 Cases/person-years

37/134,613

113/458,908

213/1,072,596

74/301,548

54/224,372

 

 Age-adjusted modela

1.00 (Ref)

0.85 (0.59–1.24)

0.64 (0.45–0.91)

0.72 (0.48–1.08)

0.71 (0.46–1.10)

0.25

 Multivariable modelb

1.00 (Ref)

0.86 (0.59–1.25)

0.66 (0.46–0.94)

0.75 (0.50–1.12)

0.72 (0.47–1.11)

0.29

All RA among > 55 years

 Cases/person-years

16/52,659

62/252,365

300/828,551

126/352,538

85/211,857

 

 Age-adjusted modela

1.00 (Ref)

0.82 (0.47–1.42)

1.19 (0.72–1.98)

1.19 (0.70–2.01)

1.30 (0.75–2.23)

0.043

 Multivariable modelb

1.00 (Ref)

0.82 (0.47–1.42)

1.21 (0.73–2.00)

1.21 (0.71–2.05)

1.32 (0.76–2.27)

0.037

  1. There were 1080 cases in 3,863,909 total person-years for all RA analyses. There were 672 cases in 3,856,074 total person-years for seropositive RA analyses
  2. There were 408 cases in 3,853,860 total person-years for seronegative RA analyses. There were 491 cases in 2,192,037 total person-years for all RA among ≤55 years analyses. There were 589 cases in 1,697,970 total person-years for all RA among > 55 years analyses
  3. The exposure period was 1984 to 2012 for cases occurring until 2014 in the NHS; the exposure period was 1991 to 2013 for cases occurring until 2015 in the NHSII
  4. a Adjusted for age, questionnaire period, cohort, and total energy intake (continuous)
  5. b Multivariable models were adjusted for age, questionnaire period, cohort, total energy intake (continuous), median household income (quartiles), cigarette smoking (never, past 1–14/day, past ≥15/day, current 1–14/day, current ≥15/day), body mass index category (underweight/normal, overweight, obese), and alcohol intake (never to < 5, 5 to < 10, ≥10 g/day)
  6. CI confidence interval, HR hazard ration, RA rheumatoid arthritis