Table 1 Baseline age-standardized characteristics of participants in the Nurses’ Health Study in 1984 and Nurses’ Health Study II in 1991 categorized by total fish intake (n = 166,013)
Characteristics | Total fish servings | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NHS (n = 76,540) | NHSII (n = 89,473) | |||||||||
None to < 1/month | 1/month to < 1/week | 1 to < 2.5/week | 2.5 to < 4/week | ≥4/week | None to < 1/month | 1/month to < 1/week | 1 to < 2.5/week | 2.5 to < 4/week | ≥4/week | |
Participants, n (%) | 4343 (5.7) | 10,165 (13.3) | 40,913 (53.5) | 7284 (9.5) | 13,835 (18.1) | 8296 (9.3) | 15,470 (17.3) | 46,496 (52.0) | 6933 (7.7) | 12,278 (13.7) |
Age in years, mean (SD)a | 50.8 (7.3) | 50.1 (7.3) | 50.1 (7.2) | 51.1 (7.0) | 50.8 (7.0) | 35.6 (4.8) | 35.9 (4.7) | 36.1 (4.6) | 36.4 (4.5) | 36.4 (4.6) |
Calorie intake/day (SD) | 1554 (526) | 1605 (514) | 1737 (514) | 1835 (537) | 1868 (543) | 1593 (532) | 1640 (521) | 1791 (527) | 1914 (544) | 2025 (556) |
White race, % | 97.3 | 97.3 | 97.6 | 96.0 | 96.8 | 93.1 | 93.4 | 93.5 | 91.2 | 90.1 |
Median household income quartile, %b | ||||||||||
Q1 – lowest income | 30.7 | 28.2 | 24.5 | 22.1 | 21.1 | 25.9 | 25.6 | 24.4 | 21.4 | 22.8 |
Q2 | 26.9 | 25.6 | 25.7 | 23.0 | 23.2 | 26.7 | 26.2 | 25.1 | 22.4 | 23.0 |
Q3 | 22.3 | 24.4 | 25.0 | 25.3 | 27.3 | 25.3 | 25.6 | 25.3 | 24.6 | 25.2 |
Q4 – highest income | 20.1 | 21.7 | 24.8 | 29.6 | 28.4 | 22.2 | 22.7 | 25.2 | 31.7 | 29.0 |
Smoked > 10 pack years, % | 36.6 | 37.0 | 36.2 | 36.0 | 36.8 | 16.1 | 15.5 | 15.8 | 16.2 | 16.8 |
Ever smoked, % | 53.2 | 54.4 | 55.8 | 57.8 | 59.5 | 32.8 | 32.7 | 34.4 | 37.8 | 36.8 |
Smoking status/intensity, % | ||||||||||
Never | 46.8 | 45.6 | 44.2 | 42.2 | 40.5 | 67.2 | 67.3 | 65.6 | 62.2 | 63.2 |
Past, 1–14 cigarettes/day | 12.3 | 13.6 | 15.8 | 17.1 | 18.6 | 10.7 | 11.1 | 12.6 | 14.7 | 13.9 |
Past, ≥15 cigarettes/day | 13.5 | 14.3 | 15.4 | 17.4 | 20.0 | 9.6 | 9.3 | 9.7 | 10.8 | 11.1 |
Current, 1–14 cigarettes/day | 7.2 | 7.4 | 7.3 | 8.1 | 7.9 | 5.0 | 5.1 | 5.5 | 6.0 | 5.8 |
Current, ≥15 cigarettes/day | 20.2 | 19.1 | 17.2 | 15.2 | 13.0 | 7.5 | 7.2 | 6.5 | 6.3 | 6.0 |
Parity/breastfeeding duration, % | ||||||||||
Nulliparous | 7.0 | 6.0 | 5.4 | 6.6 | 6.0 | 30.5 | 25.5 | 24.5 | 29.4 | 30.8 |
Parous/none to < 1 month | 45.2 | 43.6 | 42.7 | 40.3 | 41.6 | 14.8 | 14.8 | 13.2 | 11.5 | 11.6 |
Parous/1 to < 12 months | 28.7 | 31.0 | 30.8 | 31.3 | 31.1 | 22.6 | 24.7 | 25.0 | 23.5 | 23.0 |
Parous/≥12 months | 14.7 | 14.8 | 16.9 | 17.1 | 16.6 | 24.0 | 27.3 | 29.9 | 28.0 | 26.5 |
Menopausal status/postmenopausal hormone use | ||||||||||
Premenopausal | 39.0 | 40.1 | 40.8 | 40.1 | 39.5 | 91.6 | 91.9 | 92.6 | 92.8 | 92.3 |
Postmenopausal/never use | 31.7 | 31.4 | 31.5 | 31.6 | 31.8 | 3.8 | 3.8 | 3.4 | 3.3 | 3.4 |
Postmenopausal/ever use | 26.4 | 25.8 | 25.4 | 26.0 | 26.5 | 4.3 | 4.1 | 3.8 | 3.6 | 4.1 |
Body mass index category, % | ||||||||||
Underweight/normal (< 25 kg/m2) | 64.1 | 63.3 | 61.8 | 60.7 | 54.1 | 68.2 | 68.1 | 67.6 | 67.7 | 63.3 |
Overweight (25 to < 30 kg/m2) | 23.6 | 24.5 | 25.7 | 26.2 | 30.5 | 18.7 | 18.7 | 19.9 | 20.0 | 22.2 |
Obese (≥30 kg/m2) | 12.3 | 12.2 | 12.5 | 13.1 | 15.3 | 13.1 | 13.1 | 12.5 | 12.2 | 14.5 |
Alcohol intake, % | ||||||||||
None to < 5 g/day | 73.9 | 70.2 | 63.8 | 58.5 | 63.0 | 84.5 | 82.8 | 79.6 | 74.7 | 77.5 |
5 to < 10 g/day | 8.6 | 9.2 | 12.1 | 12.6 | 12.5 | 8.5 | 9.3 | 10.9 | 14.0 | 11.3 |
≥ 10 g/day | 17.5 | 20.5 | 24.1 | 28.9 | 24.5 | 7.0 | 7.9 | 9.5 | 11.3 | 11.2 |