Table 1 Clinical characteristics and laboratory and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry values at the time of bone marrow oedema syndrome diagnosis

 Nicotine abuse

16/56 (29.6)

 BMI, kg/m², n = 65

24.2 ± 4.7

 Thyroid disorders

14/65 (21.5)

 Long-term^a PPI medication

11/62 (17.7)

 Long-term^a corticosteroid therapy

7/58 (11.9)

Serum and urine osteological laboratory values, n = 56

Reference values

 Phosphate, mmol/l

0.97 ± 0.18

0.77–1.50

 Calcium, mmol/l

2.26 ± 0.10

2.13–2.63

 25-OH-D₃, μg/l

22.9 ± 10.3

> 30.0

  > 30.025-OH-D₃, μg/l, unsupplemented patients, n = 36

19.0 ± 7.5

> 30.0

 PTH, ng/l

61.2 ± 31.5

17.0–84.0

 DPD, nmol/mmol

7.1 ± 4.1

3.0–7.0

 Bone-AP, μg/l

14.8 ± 11.2

5.2–24.4

 Osteocalcin, μg/l

20.6 ± 12.9

5.4–59.1

Sufficient (25-OH-D₃ ≥ 30 μg/l)

11 (55)

 Insufficient (25-OH-D₃ 20 to < 30 μg/l)

5 (25.0)

 Deficient (25-OH-D₃ 10 to < 20 μg/l)

4 (20.0)

 Very deficient (25-OH-D₃ < 10 μg/l)

0 (0.0)

 Sufficient (25-OH-D₃ ≥ 30 μg/l)

3 (8.3)

 Insufficient (25-OH-D₃ 20 to < 30 μg/l)

12 (33.3)

 Deficient (25-OH-D₃ 10 to < 20 μg/l)

21 (58.3)

 Very deficient (25-OH-D₃ < 10 μg/l)

3 (8.3)

 Secondary hyperparathyroidism, n = 56

12 (21.4)

 Primary hyperparathyroidism, n = 56

1 (1.8)

 PPI-induced hypochlorhydria, n = 56

3 (5.4)

 Osteopenia (lumbar spine T-score ≤ −1.0 and > −2.5), n = 57

27 (47.4)

 Osteoporosis (lumbar spine T-score ≤ −2.5), n = 57

10 (17.5)

 Z-score LWS

−1.1 ± 1.4

 Z-score left femur

−0.8 ± 1.0

 Z-score right femur

−0.7 ± 0.9