Table 4 An overview of the targets for the interventions, the corresponding intervention components and outcome measuresa
Target | Intervention component directed at the target | Measured construct (measurement tool) |
|---|---|---|
Knowledge and beliefs Pain coherence Back Pain Beliefs Expectations Fear of movement | Patient education Exercise sessions Motivation to engage in general physical activity | |
Skills and performance Ability to vary back movements and move freely Strength Mobility Physical capacity | Exercise sessions Motivation to engage in general physical activity | Perceived ability to perform exercises (single item) Physical fitness (Self-assessed physical capacity analogue scale) [150] Muscle endurance [135], flexibility [133, 151], and sit-to-stand [152] |
Self-efficacy Perceived ability to manage pain | Patient education Exercise sessions Motivation to engage in general physical activity | Self-efficacy (Arthritis Self-Efficacy Scale) [153] |
Self-management success Daily activities Quality of life Pain | Patient education Exercise sessions Motivation to engage in general physical activity | Disability (Oswestry Disability Index) [154, 155] General health, social functioning and mental health (SF-36) Pain interference (B-IPQ) [148, 149, 156] Pain intensity (NRS 0–10) [157] |
System Outcomes Health care utilisation Sick leave | Patient education Exercise sessions Motivation to engage in general physical activity | Visits to health care providers, imaging, pain medication and sick leave (Danish national registries) [158, 159] |