Table 5 Summary of subgroup analysis results^a

  Overall

7 (324)

3.28

(1.79, 6.02)^b

0.001

25, S

7 (337)

−2.01

(−3.31, −0.71)^c

0.002

96, M

7 (333)

1.08

(0.19, 1.97)^c

0.02

92, M

   > 6 months

2 (99)

0.33

(0.07, 1.45)^b

0.14

56, C

1 (46)

0.71

(0.11, 1.31)

0.02

NA, M

2 (99)

−0.01

(−1.66, 1.65)^c

1.00

94, C

   > 3 months, ≤6 months

2 (87)

0.49

(0.19, 1.29)^b

0.15

31, C

4 (220)

−2.74

(−4.85, −0.62)^c

0.01

97, M

4 (220)

1.81

(−0.14, 3.77)^c

0.07

97, C

   > 1 month, ≤3 months

3 (129)

1.02

(0.45, 2.32)^b

0.96

0, C

5 (220)

−0.31

(−0.78, 0.16)^c

0.19

65, C

5 (220)

0.42

(−0.17, 1.00)^c

0.16

76, C

   ≤ 1 month

5 (225)

5.53

(2.71, 11.25)^b

< 0.00001

0, S

6 (291)

− 1.39

(−2.37, −0.41)^c

0.005

92, M

5 (234)

2.22

(0.51, 3.92)^c

0.01

96, M

  Overall

9 (518)

3.11

(1.31, 7.38)^c

0.01

73, M

11 (747)

−1.36

(−2.02, −0.71)^c

< 0.0001

93, L

6 (395)

2.56

(0.92, 4.19)^c

0.002

97, L

   > 6 months

3 (185)

4.35

(1.96, 9.63)^b

0.0003

49, M

2 (165)

−2.13

(−2.52, −1.74)^b

< 0.00001

42, M

2 (165)

4.64

(4.04, 5.25)^b

< 0.00001

68, M

   > 3 months, ≤6 months

0

NA

NA

NA

2 (246)

−1.59

(− 1.88, − 1.30)^b

< 0.00001

20, M

1 (100)

3.79

(3.12, 4.45)

< 0.00001

NA, L

   > 1 month, ≤3 months

2 (80)

5.60

(1.97, 15.86)^b

0.001

69, M

4 (249)

−2.00

(−3.41, −0.58)^c

0.006

95, L

4 (261)

2.93

(0.48, 5.37)^c

0.02

98, L

   ≤ 1 month

6 (293)

1.88

(0.59, 5.98)^c

0.28

75, C

10 (601)

−1.07

(−1.67, −0.47)^c

0.0005

91, L

6 (395)

2.29

(0.73, 3.84)^c

0.004

97, L

   ≥ 0.2 mJ/mm²

4 (211)

2.25

(1.08, 4.49)^b

0.03

8, S

4 (220)

−2.94

(−5.05, −0.82)^c

0.006

97, M

5 (273)

1.65

(0.21, 3.10)^c

0.02

96, M

   < 0.2 mJ/mm²

3 (113)

7.39

(2.52, 21.67)^b

0.0003

0, M

3 (117)

−1.47

(−2.42, −0.53)^c

0.002

77, M

2 (60)

1.99

(−0.82, 4.81)^c

0.17

92, C

   ≥ 0.2 mJ/mm²

5 (308)

3.98

(2.18, 7.29)^b

< 0.00001

40, M

5 (311)

−2.17

(−3.23, −1.11)^c

< 0.0001

92, L

2 (165)

5.49

(4.81, 6.17)^b

< 0.00001

0, M

   < 0.2 mJ/mm²

4 (210)

2.55

(0.43, 15.17)^c

0.30

86, C

6 (436)

−0.73

(−1.44, −0.02)^c

0.04

91, L

4 (230)

0.80

(0.19, 1.40)^c

0.01

79, L

   ≥ 1 month

2 (73)

7.89

(2.61, 23.88)^b

0.0003

0, M

3 (137)

−3.13

(−5.70, −0.56)^c

0.02

95, M

2 (80)

6.24

(0.86, 11.62)^c

0.02

95, M

   < 1 month

5 (251)

1.52

(0.80, 2.87)^b

0.20

38, C

4 (200)

−0.17

(−0.45, 0.11)^b

0.23

61, C

5 (253)

0.51

(−0.17, 1.19)^c

0.14

88, C

   ≥ 1 month

6 (375)

5.32

(3.20, 8.83)^b

< 0.00001

0, M

7 (521)

− 1.80

(− 2.52, −1.08)^c

< 0.00001

91, L

5 (315)

1.99

(1.68, 2.30)^c

< 0.00001

97, L

   < 1 month

3 (143)

0.78

(0.09, 6.69)^c

0.82

81, C

4 (226)

−0.58

(−1.64, 0.48)^c

0.29

93, C

1 (80)

0.11

(−0.33, 0.54)

0.64

NA, C

  Placebo

5 (221)

4.61

(1.92, 11.08)^b

0.0006

0, S

5 (234)

−3.22

(−5.14, −1.31)^c

0.001

97, M

6 (287)

2.03

(0.70, 3.36)^c

0.003

95, M

  Noninvasive comparison control

1 (57)

6.40

(1.89, 21.68)

0.003

NA, L

2 (117)

−2.07

(−3.73, −0.41)^c

0.01

92, M

1 (60)

6.98

(5.59, 8.36)

< 0.00001

NA, M

  Invasive comparison control

1 (46)

1.00

(0.31, 3.18)

1.0

NA, C

1 (46)

0.36

(−0.22, 0.95)

0.22

NA, C

1 (46)

−0.32

(−0.90, 0.26)

0.28

NA, C

  Placebo

3 (152)

4.41

(2.00, 9.71)^b

0.0002

0, M

4 (232)

−1.14

(−1.42, −0.86)^b

< 0.00001

56, M

3 (170)

0.70

(0.02, 1.39)^c

0.04

77, L

  Noninvasive comparison control

4 (206)

4.17

(2.23, 7.81)^b

< 0.00001

61, M

5 (355)

−1.81

(−2.83, −0.80)^c

0.0005

93, L

2 (125)

3.62

(−0.81, 8.04)^c

0.11

98, C

  Invasive comparison control

2 (160)

1.23

(0.02, 63.55)^c

0.92

93, C

2 (160)

−0.80

(−3.85, 2.24)^c

0.61

99, C

1 (100)

5.27

(4.43, 6.12)

< 0.00001

NA, L

  Athlete

3 (124)

2.47

(1.16, 5.27)^b

0.02

68, M

3 (128)

−0.84

(−2.16, 0.47)^c

0.21

90, C

3 (128)

0.97

(−0.42, 2.37)^c

0.17

91, C

  Nonathlete

4 (200)

5.47

(1.98, 15.11)^b

0.001

0, S

4 (209)

−3.61

(−5.86, −1.35)^c

0.002

97, M

4 (205)

2.35

(0.38, 4.31)^c

0.02

97, M

  Athlete

4 (285)

3.10

(0.50, 19.30)^c

0.23

87, C

4 (285)

−1.79

(−3.73, 0.15)^c

0.07

98, C

3 (225)

4.16

(1.09, 7.24)^c

0.008

98, L

  Nonathlete

5 (233)

3.22

(1.75, 5.94)^b

0.0002

32, M

7 (462)

−1.24

(−1.57, −0.91)^c

< 0.00001

60, L

3 (170)

0.59

(0.01, 1.18)^c

0.05

72, L

  Tendinopathy

5 (214)

3.62

(1.28, 5.36)^b

0.008

38, S

6 (280)

−2.29

(−3.84, −0.75)^c

0.004

96, M

6 (280)

1.14

(0.06, 2.21)^c

0.04

94, M

  Other KSTDs

2 (110)

5.83

(1.86, 18.26)^b

0.002

0, M

1 (57)

−1.24

(−1.81, −0.67)

< 0.0001

NA, L

1 (53)

0.84

(0.27, 1.40)

0.004

NA, M

  Tendinopathy

5 (306)

4.67

(2.61, 8.36)^b

< 0.00001

54, M

7 (535)

−1.70

(−2.48, − 0.92)^c

< 0.0001

93, L

4 (305)

3.47

(0.78, 6.16)^c

0.01

98, L

  Other KSTDs

4 (212)

2.13

(0.40, 11.43)^c

0.38

83, C

4 (212)

−0.77

(−1.92, 0.38)^c

0.19

93, C

2 (90)

0.91

(0.47, 1.34)^b

< 0.0001

0, M

  Monotherapy

1 (16)

45.00

(1.83, 1104.64)

0.0002

NA, L

2 (80)

−5.17

(−6.43, −3.91)^c

< 0.0001

98, M

2 (80)

6.24

(0.86, 11.62)^c

0.02

95, M

  Cointervention

6 (308)

2.98

(1.61, 5.52)^b

0.0005

6, S

5 (257)

−0.26

(−0.87, 0.35)^c

0.41

83, C

5 (253)

0.29

(−0.12, 0.71)^c

0.17

63, C

  Monotherapy

3 (185)

2.18

(0.21, 22.89)^c

0.52

91, C

4 (331)

−1.62

(−3.32, 0.08)^c

0.06

97, C

2 (125)

3.99

(0.31, 7.68)^c

0.03

97, L

  Cointervention

6 (333)

3.72

(2.11, 6.57)^b

< 0.00001

33, M

7 (416)

−1.26

(−1.78, −0.75)^c

< 0.00001

82, L

4 (270)

2.11

(0.02, 4.21)^c

0.05

98, L