Emotional distress was associated with persistent shoulder pain after physiotherapy: a prospective cohort study

Table 3 Linear regression of disability after treatment (PSFS) and potential prognostic factors

	Simple regression		Final multiple regression model ^b N = 130
	B (95% CI)	P-value	B (95% CI)	P-value
Emotional distress (HSCL-25)	− 1.62 (− 2.43 to − 0.81)	P < 0.001
Pre-treatment pain intensity (NPRS)	−0.16 (− 0.36 to 0.04)	P = 0.123
Pre-treatment disability (PSFS)	0.45 (0.24 to 0.66)	P < 0.001	0.32 (0.10 to 0.53)	P = 0.004
Duration of pain
0–3 months ª
4–12 months	−0.12 (−1.43 to 1.19)	P = 0.859	−0.60 (− 1.81 to 0.61)	P = 0.327
> 12 months	−1.23 (− 2.39 to − 0.06)	P = 0.039	−1.17 (− 2.24 to − 0.11)	P = 0.031
Use of pain relieving drugs (0,1)	−1.68 (− 2.72 to − 0.65)	P = 0.002
Concomitant neck pain (0,1)	− 1.47 (−2.36 to − 0.59)	P = 0.001	−1.14 (− 2.01 to − 0.28)	P = 0.010
Number of painful sites (0,1)	−0.97 (− 2.15 to 0.21)	P = 0.106
Age	−0.02 (− 0.05 to 0.01)	P = 0.191
Sex (0,1)	−0.54 (− 1.53 to 0.45)	P = 0.283
BMI	−0.08 (− 0.21 to 0.05)	P = 0.235
Education (0,1)	1.20 (0.25 to 2.15)	P = 0.014	0.94 (0.03 to 1.84)	P = 0.042
Work status (0,1)	2.04 (0.90 to 3.18)	P = 0.001	1.13 (−0.15 to 2.41)	P = 0.083 ^c
Relationship status (0,1)	0.04 (−0.87 to 0.95)	P = 0.928
Smoking (0,1)	−1.64 (−3.19 to −0.08)	P = 0.039

Duration of treatment was not associated with disability after treatment (P = 0.407)
^a Reference category
^b Adjusted for age and sex
^c Before the model was adjusted for age and sex, work status was associated with disability after treatment (P < 0.05)
PSFS = Patient Specific Functional Scale. HSCL-25 = Hopkins Symptom Checklist – 25. NPRS = Numeric Pain Rating Scale
Use of pain relieving drugs (0: < once a week, 1: ≥ once a week). Concomitant neck pain (0: no, 1: yes). Number of painful sites (0: ≤ 2 painful sites, 1: > 2 painful sites). Sex (0: male, 1: female). Education (0: ≤ 13 years, 1: College / University). Work status (0: not working, 1: working full time, part time or being in education). Relationship status (0: not in a relationship, 1: in a relationship). Smoking (0: no, 1: yes)

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