Emotional distress was associated with persistent shoulder pain after physiotherapy: a prospective cohort study

Table 2 Linear regression of pain intensity after treatment (NPRS) and potential prognostic factors

	Simple regression		Final multiple regression model ^b N=122
	B (95% CI)	P-value	B (95% CI)	P-value
Emotional distress (HSCL-25)	2.05 (1.49 to 2.60)	P < 0.001	1.06 (0.44 to 1.68)	P = 0.001
Pre-treatment pain intensity (NPRS)	0.58 (0.45 to 0.71)	P < 0.001	0.46 (0.32 to 0.61)	P < 0.001
Pre-treatment disability (PSFS)	−0.22 (− 0.39 to − 0.05)	P = 0.012
Duration of pain
0–3 months ª
4–12 months	0.34 (−0.72 to 1.39)	P = 0.528	0.93 (0.07 to 1.78)	P = 0.033
> 12 months	0.75 (− 0.18 to 1.69)	P = 0.112	0.75 (− 0.01 to 1.50)	P = 0.053 ^c
Use of pain relieving drugs (0,1)	1.62 (0.78 to 2.46)	P < 0.001
Concomitant neck pain (0,1)	1.34 (0.65 to 2.03)	P < 0.001
Number of painful sites (0,1)	1.09 (0.16 to 2.02)	P = 0.022
Age	−0.01 (− 0.03 to 0.02)	P = 0.508
Sex (0,1)	0.88 (0.12 to 1.64)	P = 0.024
BMI	0.09 (−0.02 to 0.20)	P = 0.100
Education (0,1)	−0.45 (− 1.22 to 0.32)	P = 0.250
Work status (0,1)	−0.99 (− 1.90 to − 0.09)	P = 0.032
Relationship status (0,1)	0.00 (− 0.70 to 0.70)	P = 0.997
Smoking (0,1)	0.77 (−0.50 to 2.05)	P = 0.233

Duration of treatment was not associated with pain intensity after treatment (P = 0.951)
^a Reference category
^b Adjusted for age and sex
^c Before the model was adjusted for age and sex, duration of pain > 12 months was associated with pain intensity after treatment (P < 0.05)
NPRS = Numeric Pain Rating Scale. HSCL-25 = Hopkins Symptom Checklist – 25. PSFS = Patient Specific Functional Scale
Use of pain relieving drugs (0: < once a week, 1: ≥ once a week). Concomitant neck pain (0: no, 1: yes). Number of painful sites (0: ≤ 2 painful sites, 1: > 2 painful sites). Sex (0: male, 1: female). Education (0: ≤ 13 years, 1: College / University). Work status (0: not working, 1: working full time, part time or being in education). Relationship status (0: not in a relationship, 1: in a relationship). Smoking (0: no, 1: yes)

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