Table 2 Characteristics of longitudinal articles included in the review (n = 8)a
From: The association between body fat and musculoskeletal pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Study / country / reference | Follow-up time | Sample size, n | Age, y | BMI, kg/m2 (Baseline) | Body composition assessment | Parameter investigated | Body composition (Baseline) | OR (CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Multi-site pain (0–7 joints) | ||||||||
 Pan, Australia [35]d | 2.6 and 5.1 years | 336 widespread pain, 137 no pain | Baseline 63.3 (7.7) widespread pain, 62.2 (7.2) no pain | Baseline 28.8 (5.3) widespread pain, 26.2 (3.9) no pain | DXA | Total fat mass | 30.0 (9.5) kg, 25.0 (7.1) kg | 1.06 (1.02–1.10) |
Incident low-back pain | ||||||||
 Hussain, Australia [56] | 5 years | No intensity: 900 Low intensity: 3085 High intensity: 1001 No disability: 3061 Low disability: 651 High disability: 482 | 49.2 (10.9) | 26.6 (4.7) | BIA | Body fat percentage | Pain intensity No: 31.7 (11.8) % Low: 32.6 (11.6) % High 36.2 (13.3) % Pain disability No: 32.1 (11.5) % Low: 33.7 (12.6) % High 37.4 (13.3) % | Men Low intensity: 1.28 (1.09–1.27) High Intensity: 1.45 (1.19–1.77) Low disability: 1.11 (0.92–1.32) High disability: 1.37 (1.10–1.72) Women Low intensity: 1.41 (1.25–1.59) High intensity: 1.39 (1.22–1.57) Low disability: 1.20 (1.07–1.35) High disability: 1.48 (1.31–1.68) |
 Dario, Spain [57] | 4 years | 314 (all women) | 53.7 (7.0), range 43–71 | 27.3 (4.0) | BIA | 34.1 (7) % | Chronic pain: 0.87 (0.66–1.14) Activity-limiting pain: 0.85 (0.62–1.53) Care-seeking due to pain: 0.79 (0.59–1.05) | |
 Hashimoto, Japan [58] | >  20 years | 1152 (all men) | 28.0 (4.6) | 22.6 (2.7) | Skin fold | 14.7 (3.5) % | Q1: referent Q2: 0.86 (0.43–1.71) Q3: 1.46 (0.79–2.72) Q4: 2.12 (1.13–3.98) | |
Increasing knee pain | ||||||||
 Jin, Australia [55] | 5.1 years | 767 (380 women) | 62.4 (7.2) pain increase 61.9 (7.0) no pain increase | 29.1 (5.3) pain increase 27.3 (4.3) no pain increase | DXA | Body fat percentage | Pain increase: 30.2 (7.8) %, no pain increase: 27.0 (7.8) % | 1.36 (1.20–1.55)c |
Incident foot pain | ||||||||
 Butterworth, Australia [19] | 3 years | 51 (37 women), 11 incident pain, 40 no pain | 48.3 (9.8) incident pain, 49.5 (7.9) no pain | 29.6 (7.9) incident pain, 26.3 (5.4) no pain | DXA | FMI | 12.1 (6.4) kg/m2 incident pain, 8.7 (4.2) kg/m2 no pain | 1.28 (1.04–1.57) |
Future foot pain | ||||||||
 Walsh, Australia [16] | 4 years | 1066 | 64.6 (10.3) | 28.4 (5.1) | DXA | FMI | 10.2 (3.9) kg/m2 | 1.06 (1.02–1.11) |
Multi-site injuries | ||||||||
 Kodesh, Israel [54] | 3 months | 158 (all women) | 19.0 (18.1–20.2) | 20.8 (16.1–32.0) | Skin fold | Body fat percentageb | Injured 23.7 (20.5–29.2) % Non injured 22.5 (14.9–31.5) % | 1.16 (1.00–1.34) |