Table 2 Comparison of physical functions between the no HV group and the HV group, between the no HV-mild HV group and the moderate-severe HV group, and between the no HV or painless HV group and the painful HV group after adjusted for age, sex, and body mass index
No HV | HV | Standard partial regression coefficient | p Value | No HV-mild HV | Moderate-severe HV | Standard partial regression coefficient | p Value | No HV or painless HV | Painful HV | Standard partial regression coefficient | p Value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(n = 402) | (n = 160) | (n = 495) | (n = 67) | (n = 529) | (n = 33) | ||||||||
Grip strength, kg | Crude | 28.6 ± 8.5 | 25.1 ± 6.2 | 28.2 ± 8.2 | 23.1 ± 6.0 | 27.9 ± 8.1 | 23.2 ± 7.0 | ||||||
Adjusted | 27.6 ± 5.2 | 27.6 ± 5.2 | 0.007 | 0.910 | 27.8 ± 5.1 | 26.3 ± 5.2 | −0.140 | *0.034 | 27.7 ± 5.1 | 26.4 ± 5.1 | −0.088 | 0.189 | |
Single-leg stance time, s | Crude | 31.2 ± 22.8 | 24.8 ± 22.1 | 30.0 ± 22.7 | 24.3 ± 22.7 | 29.8 ± 22.7 | 22.5 ± 22.9 | ||||||
Adjusted | 30.1 ± 18.3 | 27.4 ± 18.6 | −0.079 | 0.125 | 29.6 ± 18.2 | 27.3 ± 18.5 | − 0.051 | 0.332 | 29.5 ± 18.2 | 26.3 ± 18.3 | − 0.052 | 0.323 | |
Stand up from a chair time, s | Crude | 10.1 ± 3.6 | 11.1 ± 4.5 | 10.2 ± 3.6 | 11.5 ± 5.5 | 10.3 ± 3.8 | 11.8 ± 4.3 | ||||||
Adjusted | 10.3 ± 3.4 | 10.7 ± 3.5 | 0.063 | 0.175 | 10.3 ± 3.4 | 11.2 ± 3.5 | 0.089 | 0.056 | 10.3 ± 3.4 | 11.3 ± 3.4 | 0.077 | 0.106 | |
Usual gait speed, m/s | Crude | 1.01 ± 0.21 | 1.01 ± 0.24 | 1.02 ± 0.21 | 1.00 ± 0.26 | 1.02 ± 0.22 | 0.92 ± 0.25 | ||||||
Adjusted | 1.01 ± 0.20 | 1.03 ± 0.20 | 0.039 | 0.376 | 1.02 ± 0.20 | 1.01 ± 0.20 | −0.003 | 0.949 | 1.02 ± 0.21 | 0.93 ± 0.20 | − 0.108 | *0.017 | |
Maximum gait speed, m/s | Crude | 1.33 ± 0.27 | 1.28 ± 0.31 | 1.33 ± 0.27 | 1.22 ± 0.33 | 1.33 ± 0.27 | 1.17 ± 0.37 | ||||||
Adjusted | 1.32 ± 0.24 | 1.32 ± 0.24 | 0.002 | 0.968 | 1.33 ± 0.24 | 1.26 ± 0.24 | −0.103 | *0.037 | 1.33 ± 0.23 | 1.22 ± 0.24 | −0.120 | *0.016 |