Table 2 Shoulder Arthritis Content

Disease Pathophysiology, Pathoanatomy, and Pathogenesis

 - Mean score: 5.1±2.0 (maximum score 15)

 • Description of glenohumeral joint structures

 • Physical wear leading to articular cartilage failure and degeneration

 • Humeral head changes

 • Glenoid changes

 • Posterior humeral head subluxation

 • Anterior capsule contracture

 • Joint space narrowing

 • Age

 • Post-traumatic

 • Systemic factors (gender, smoking, diabetes, genetics)

 • History of previous surgery for glenohumeral instability

 • Increased load bearing

 • Cuff tear arthropathy

 • Avascular necrosis

 • Autoimmune disease

Clinical Evaluation

 - Mean score 5.1±2.1 (maximum score 12)

 • Complaint of pain

 • History of disease

 • Sleep difficulties

 • Progression of functional difficulties

 • Joint crepitation

 • Limited glenohumeral motion/loss of external rotation

 • Tenderness over posterior joint line

 • Muscle weakness/atrophy

 • Plain radiographs

 • CT scan

 • Arthrography

 • MRI

Treatment

 - Mean score 5.2±1.4 (maximum score 11)

 • Patient education

 • Rest/avoiding provocative activities (i.e., activity modification)

 • Physical therapy

 • Anti- inflammatory medications

 • Corticosteroid injection

 • Arthroscopy

 • Hemiarthroplasty

 • Total shoulder arthroplasty

 • Reverse total shoulder arthroplasty

Indications, Outcomes, and Complications

 - Mean score: 1.5±1.8 (maximum score 11)

 • Pain/stiffness/weakness

 • Degree of dysfunction unacceptable to patient

 • Severe pain failing conservative (i.e., nonoperative) treatment

 • Expected outcomes and success rates of surgery

 • Rehabilitation protocols

 • Inherent surgical complications

 • Component loosening

 • Instability

 • Periprosthetic fractures

 • Rotator cuff tears

 • Neurologic injuries