Table 1 Description and results from previous reliability studies

Schinkel-Ivy et al. (2015)

30 with no history of back pain

Maximum flexion

Back - Lumbar erector spinae (left and Right)

Flexion

ICC = 0.93-0.95, SEM (%) = 9.9

(15 female and 15 males)

Maximum axial twist

Back - Lumbar erector spinae (left and Right)

Twisting

ICC = 0.87-0.92, SEM (%) = 17.3-20.3

Maximum flexion

Back - Lower-thoracic erector spinae (left and Right)

Flexion

ICC = 0.84-0.89, SEM (%) = 19.3-19.5

Maximum axial twist

Back - Lower-thoracic erector spinae (left and Right)

Twisting

ICC = 0.82-0.93, SEM(%) = 17.6-24

Andersen KS et al. (2014)

24 healthy

Arm flexion (45°)

Shoulder - Trapezius superior

Isometric

ICC absEMG = 0.88, ICC nEMG = 0.72

(14 women and 10 men)

Arm flexion (90°)

Shoulder - Trapezius superior

Isometric

ICC absEMG = 0.82, ICC nEMG = 0.60

Arm abduction

Shoulder - Trapezius superior

Isometric

ICC absEMG = 0.90, ICC nEMG = 0.72

Arm flexion

Shoulder - Trapezius superior

Dynamic

ICC absEMG = 0.99, ICC nEMG = 0.96

Michener et al. (2016)

12 with shoulder pain

Scapular plane elevation

Sholuder - Upper trapezius

Ascending phase (30°-120°) (% ref)

ICC = 0.53, SEM = 21.4, MDC = 30.3

(8 male and 4 women)

Scapular plane elevation

Sholuder - Upper trapezius

Descending phase (30°-120°) (% ref)

ICC = 0.81, SEM = 7.0, MDC = 10.3

Ghofrani et al. (2017)

7

Box lifting from floor to table

Back - Erector spinae (left and right)

Dynamic

ICC = 0.45-0.83, SEM = 34.22-119.22

(Males)

Seitz & Uhl (2012)

16 with no shoulder pain

Overhead lifting task

Shoulder - Upper trapezius

Concentric phase (%MVIC)

Intra-session; ICC = 0.98, SEM = 1.7, MDC = 2.5

Inter-session; ICC = 0.66, SEM = 8.0, MDC = 11.4

(8 females and 8 males)

Overhead lifting task

Shoulder - Upper trapezius

Eccentric phase (%MVIC)

Intra-session; ICC = 0.96, SEM = 1.3, MDC = 1.9

Inter-session; ICC = 0.78, SEM = 3.5, MDC = 4.9