The immediate effect of muscle release intervention on muscle activity and shoulder kinematics in patients with frozen shoulder: a cross-sectional, exploratory study

Table 5 Comparisons of shoulder active and passive range of motion (AROM and PROM), and pain intensity between the FS (frozen shoulder) group (n = 20) and asymptomatic group (n = 20) at baseline; and before and after one-session muscle release treatment in the FS group (n = 18)

	Asymptomatic group Mean (SD)	FS group		P-value^a	P-value^b
	Asymptomatic group Mean (SD)	Pre-test Mean (SD)	Post-test Mean (SD)	P-value^a	P-value^b
AROM
Flexion	171.53 (7.36)	129.25 (12.56)	139.48 (15.11)	<.001*	<.001*
Abduction	175.98 (10.34)	91.38 (9.89)	98.43 (9.53)	<.001*	<.001*
External rotation	85.00 (8.15)	30.56 (14.13)	39.68 (13.77)	<.001*	<.001*
Internal rotation	74.07 (12.18)	39.92 (14.18)	45.78 (15.22)	<.001*	<.001*
PROM
Flexion	175.60 (6.53)	133.86 (12.28)	143.89 (14.82)	<.001*	<.001*
Abduction	180.50 (8.74)	96.86 (8.75)	103.43 (9.27)	<.001*	<.001*
External rotation	89.22 (7.44)	36.61 (13.85)	44.83 (13.67)	<.001*	<.001*
Internal rotation	79.22 (11.28)	45.18(14.38)	51.31 (15.29)	<.001*	<.001*
Pain intensity
VAS scale	–	6.23 (1.84)	4.53 (1.91)	–	<0.001*

SD: standard deviation; VAS: visual analogue scale
^aMultivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was used to analyze the differences between the FS and asymptomatic group;
^bRepeated measure MANOVA was used to analyze the effect of muscle release treatment on AROM and PROM, and pain intensity in the FS group
*The level of significance was set at p < .05