The immediate effect of muscle release intervention on muscle activity and shoulder kinematics in patients with frozen shoulder: a cross-sectional, exploratory study

Table 2 Baseline characteristics of the subjects with frozen shoulder (FS) (n = 20) and asymptomatic subjects (n = 20)

	FS group Mean (SD)	Asymptomatic group Mean (SD)	P-value^a
Age (years)	52.85 (5.95)	53.15 (7.14)	0.89
Gender (male/female)	8 M/12F	8 M/12F	1.00
BMI (kg/m²)	22.21 (3.43)	23.32 (3.20)	0.30
Affected or tested shoulder (dominant/ non-dominant)	12/8	12/8	1.00
Duration of symptoms (months)	8.08 (3.09)	–	–

SD: standard deviation
BMI = body mass index (height/weight²)
^aBetween group comparisons were assessed using independent t test for continues variables, and chi-square test for the nominal variables. The level of significance was set at p < .05