Table 1 Description of the anatomical landmarks for the goniometric measurements including the position of the stable arm, moving arm, and axis
| Axis | Stable arm | Moving arm | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Flexion | Lateral aspect of greater tubercle | Axillary line | Lateral epicondyle |
| Abduction | Anterior aspect of the acromial process | Axillary line | Medial epicondyle |
| External rotation | Olecranon process | Perpendicular to the ground | Ulnar styloid process |
| Internal rotation | Olecranon process | Perpendicular to the ground | Ulnar styloid process |