Table 2 Study participant characteristics at baseline between men and women
Variable | Overall | Men | Women | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
(N = 101a) | (N = 41a) | (N = 60a) | ||
|  | Mean ± SD | |||
Age (years) | 70 ± 5.7 | 70 ± 5.5 | 69 ± 6.0 | 0.30 |
Cobb angle of kyphosis (degrees) | 55.9 ± 12.2 | 54.6 ± 12.3 | 56.7 ± 12.1 | 0.40 |
Kyphosis derived from kyphometer (degrees) | 52.0 ± 7.4 | 53.5 ± 7.3 | 51.0 ± 7.4 | 0.09 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 26.2 ± 4.1 | 27.2 ± 3.9 | 25.6 ± 4.1 | 0.04 |
Bone mineral density total hip t-score | −0.9 ± 1.1 | −0.3 ± 1.2 | −1.2 ± 0.9 | <0.001 |
Bone mineral density total spine t-score | −0.2 ± 2.2 | 0.9 ± 2.5 | −0.9 ± 1.6 | <0.001 |
| Â | N (%) | |||
Race/ethnicity – Caucasian | 94 (93) | 38 (93) | 56 (93) | 0.90 |
Education | Â | Â | Â | 0.91 |
 Some college, vocational or high school | 13 (12.9) | 6 (14.5) | 7 (12) |  |
 College graduate (BA, BS) | 33 (33) | 13 (32) | 20 (33) |  |
 Professional or graduate degree | 55 (54) | 22 (54) | 33 (55) |  |
Co-morbidities | Â | Â | Â | 0.84 |
 0–1 | 61 (60) | 25 (61) | 36 (60) |  |
 2+ | 40 (40) | 16 (39) | 24 (40) |  |
 Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) (yes) | 22 (23) | 17 (43) | 5 (9) | <0.001 |
Vertebral fracture | Â | Â | Â | 0.01 |
 None | 87 (86) | 31 (76) | 56 (93) |  |
 Mild | 9 (9) | 5 (12) | 4 (7) |  |
 Severe | 5 (5) | 5 (12) |  |  |