Table 1 Stages of ACL rehabilitation in standard care

Stage 1, 0–6 weeks approximately, depending on milestones achieved: focuses on restoration of active range of motion, muscle activation, gait and the management of swelling, pain and wound healing.

Stage 2, 6 weeks to 3 months approximately, depending on milestones achieved: weekly classes which initiate strength training and neuromuscular control.

Stage 3, from 3 months approximately, depending on milestones achieved: strength gains are consolidated and motor control is challenged with increasing dynamic activity. Some participants will complete care and return to sport in this stage where goals do not include cutting and pivoting activities such football, hockey, dancing etc.

Stage 4, from 6 months approximately, depending on milestones achieved: advanced sports specific skills and movement patterns are trained toward patient goals.