Risk factor | an (%) | bOR | (95% CI) | cOR | (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | |||||
 < 40 years | 618 (65.2) |  |  |  |  |
 40–49 years | 200 (21.1) |  |  |  |  |
 ≥ 50 years | 130 (13.7) |  |  |  |  |
Female gender | 302 (31.7) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Past history of LBP | 313 (33.8) | 2.6 | (1.5–4.6)* |  |  |
Finished full-time education before age 19 years | 304 (31.9) | 1.4 | (0.8–2.6) | 1.4 | (0.7–2.7) |
BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 (obesity) | 133 (14.2) | 1.1 | (0.5–2.5) | 0.9 | (0.4–2.1) |
< 5 h sleep per day | 82 (8.7) | 1.8 | (0.8–3.9) | 1.5 | (0.6–3.4) |
Not married | 445 (46.9) | 0.8 | (0.4–1.4) | 0.8 | (0.4–1.4) |
Heavy smoker | 133 (13.9) | 0.8 | (0.4–1.5) | 0.6 | (0.2–1.9) |
Employed in current job for <1 year | 96 (10.1) | 1.2 | (0.5–2.7) | 1.3 | (0.6–3.1) |
Work ≥60 h per week | 364 (38.8) | 2.1 | (1.1–4.0)* | 2.0 | (1.1–3.9)* |
Lift weights ≥25 kg by hand | 452 (47.3) | 1.9 | (1.1–3.3)* | 1.9 | (1.1–3.3)* |
Aware of colleague(s) with LBP | 687 (72.5) | 1.2 | (0.6–2.2) | 1.1 | (0.6–2.2) |
Aware of family member(s) with LBP | 301 (31.5) | 1.2 | (0.7–2.2) | 1.1 | (0.6–2.0) |
Irregular work shifts | 304 (31.9) | 1.1 | (0.6–2.0) | 1.1 | (0.6–1.9) |
Interpersonal stress at work | 458 (48.0) | 1.3 | (0.7–2.2) | 1.1 | (0.6–1.9) |
Inadequate breaks at work | 507 (53.1) | 1.8 | (1.0–3.1) | 1.6 | (0.9–2.9) |
Lack of job control | 347 (36.4) | 0.9 | (0.5–1.5) | 0.8 | (0.5–1.5) |
Lack of support at work | 72 (7.7) | 2.0 | (0.8–4.6) | 1.9 | (0.8–4.6) |
Dissatisfied with job | 378 (39.7) | 0.8 | (0.4–1.4) | 0.7 | (0.4–1.3) |
Low mood | 265 (28.0) | 1.0 | (0.6–1.9) | 1.0 | (0.5–1.8) |
Regular exercise < once per week | 652 (69.3) | 1.0 | (0.6–1.8) | 0.9 | (0.5–1.7) |
Emotional trauma in childhood | 66 (7.1) | 2.0 | (0.9–4.7) | 1.7 | (0.7–3.9) |
Number distressing somatic symptoms | |||||
 0 | 760 (80.3) | 1.0 |  | 1.0 |  |
 1 | 132 (13.9) | 1.3 | (0.6–2.6) | 1.4 | (0.7–2.9) |
  ≥ 2 | 55 (5.8) | 0.3 | (0.0–1.9) | 0.3 | (0.0–2.0) |
Adverse beliefs about LBP | |||||
 Work relatedness | 306 (32.3) | 1.3 | (0.8–2.3) | 1.3 | (0.8–2.3) |
 Physical activity | 208 (22.0) | 1.0 | (0.5–1.9) | 1.1 | (0.5–2.0) |
 Prognosis | 155 (16.4) | 0.8 | (0.4–1.7) | 0.9 | (0.4–1.9) |