Fig. 5

4-HNE and Nrf2 are modulated by oligomycin and Nrf2 is expressed in the synovial from OA patient. a Representative images of 4-HNE immunohistochemistry synovial membrane sections from OLI-vehicle and OLI injected joints. b Representative images of Nrf2 immunohistochemistry synovial membrane sections from OLI-vehicle and OLI injected joints. c Representative images of Nrf2 immunohistochemistry synovial membrane sections obtained from healthy and OA patients. A score positive immunostaining for 4-HNE (d) and 2 (e) in control and oligomycin rats is shown, and for healthy human donors and patients with OA in (f). Values represent mean ± SEM (n = 5 independent synovial tissues for rats; and n = 8 independent synovial tissues per each condition for human, respectively). To assess non-immune non-specific binding negative control was included in each experiment. * P ≤ 0.05 vs contralateral vehicle-injected knees, and vs healthy human synovium. OLI, oligomycin; 4-HNE, anti-4-hidroxi-2-nonenal; Nrf2, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2