Table 2 Characteristics of non-responders and responders in the rocker-sole footwear group (n = 41)
|  | Non-responders (n = 25) | Responders (n = 16) |
|---|---|---|
Demographics/anthropometrics | ||
 Age, years–mean (SD) | 56.9 (8.4) | 55.9 (12.4) |
 Females–n (%) | 14 (56) | 11 (69) |
 Body mass index, kg/m2–mean (SD) | 28.4 (4.1) | 28.3 (4.9) |
General health/physical activity | ||
 SF 12 physical component score–mean (SD) a | 45.8 (10.2) | 45.4 (9.8) |
 SF 12 mental component score–mean (SD) a | 52.2 (8.1) | 51.7 (10.8) |
 Physical activity, total hours per week–mean (SD) | 14.5 (11.0) | 16.8 (10.1) |
Pain characteristics | ||
 Pain duration, months–median (IQR) | 36 (108) | 24 (75) |
 Pain severity at rest–mean (SD) b | 3.4 (2.7) | 3.5 (2.3) |
 Pain severity while walking–mean (SD) b | 4.7 (2.2) | 5.1 (2.1) |
 Stiffness in the morning–mean (SD) b | 3.9 (2.9) | 4.1 (1.6) |
 Stiffness later in the day–mean (SD) b | 3.7 (2.8) | 3.7 (2.2) |
 FHSQ pain–mean (SD) a | 52.6 (19.7) | 45.9 (17.9) |
 FHSQ function–mean (SD) a | 70.8 (23.4) | 62.5 (28.0) |
 FFI pain–mean (SD) a | 41.1 (16.6) | 47.1 (18.3) |
 FFI difficulty–mean (SD) a | 37.2 (25.3) | 45.9 (23.3) |
 FFI stiffness–mean (SD) a | 31.8 (22.9) | 44.4 (16.7)* |
 Pain Catastrophising Scale–mean (SD) b | 9.2 (6.9) | 10.6 (7.9) |
Foot posture and range of motion | ||
 Foot posture index–mean (SD) | 3.5 (2.0) | 3.6 (2.2) |
 1st MTPJ range of motion (°)–mean (SD) | 41.4 (13.4) | 38.5 (13.8) |
Radiographic severity | ||
 None–n (%) | 1 (4) | 3 (20) |
 Mild–n (%) | 3 (13) | 2 (13) |
 Moderate–n (%) | 16 (70) | 2 (13) |
 Severe–n (%) | 3 (13) | 8 (53)* |
Biomechanical effects of intervention | ||
 1st MTPJ peak pressure: own shoes, kPa–mean (SD) | 167.5 (62.5) | 158.3 (40.6) |
 1st MTPJ peak pressure: intervention, kPa–mean (SD) | 133.2 (49.1) | 137.3 (36.8) |
 % reduction in 1st MTPJ peak pressure | 19.5 (18.0) | 11.2 (19.8) |
Credibility and Expectancy Questionnaire | ||
 Credibility–mean (SD) | 21.0 (3.6) | 21.3 (3.3) |
 Expectancy–mean (SD) | 17.1 (5.3) | 19.1 (4.4) |
Footwear perceptions (100Â mm visual analog scales) | ||
 Shoe attractiveness (to self)–mean (SD) | 40.1 (20.4) | 50.7 (26.3) |
 Shoe attractiveness (to others)–mean (SD) | 38.4 (20.7) | 48.7 (21.8) |
 Shoe comfort–mean (SD) | 61.6 (26.6) | 64.3 (18.5) |
 Ease of donning and doffing shoes–mean (SD) | 76.6 (21.1) | 79.6 (16.5) |
 Perception of shoe fit–median (IQR) | 82.0 (21.0) | 77.5 (16.0) |
 Perception of shoe heaviness–mean (SD) | 46.1 (25.2) | 44.7 (18.7) |
Total hours intervention worn during study–mean (SD) | 278 (200) | 320 (179) |