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Table 2 Risk of bias analysis for all studies included in the review. Hoy et al., 2012, developed this risk of bias tool.

From: Prevalence of low back pain in emergency settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Authors

Sampling frame represent target population?

Random selection for sample or census?

Likelihood of nonresponse bias minimal?

Data collected directly from subjects?

Acceptable case definition?

Study Instrument has validity and reliability?

Same mode of data collection for all subjects?

Length of prevalence period appropriate?

Appropriate numerator and denominator?

Overall Risk Assessment

Angeletti

L

L

L

L

L

H

L

H

L

Mod

Astete

L

L

L

L

L

H

L

L

L

Mod

Cordell

L

L

L

L

L

H

L

H

L

Mod

Dutch

L

L

L

L

H

H

L

L

L

Mod

Fialho

L

L

L

L

L

H

L

H

L

Mod

Hoppe

L

L

L

L

H

H

L

H

L

High

Kaoa

L

L

L

L

L

L

L

L

L

Low

Friedmana

L

L

L

L

L

L

L

L

L

Low

Niskaa

L

L

L

L

L

H

L

L

L

Mod

Lovegrove

L

L

L

L

L

L

L

L

L

Low

Mapoure

L

L

L

L

L

H

L

H

L

Mod

Marinos

L

L

L

L

H

H

L

L

L

Mod

NHAMCS

L

L

L

L

L

H

L

L

L

Mod

Owens

L

L

L

L

L

L

L

L

L

Low

Philips

L

L

L

L

H

H

L

L

L

Mod

Ross

L

L

L

L

H

H

L

L

L

Mod

Silman

L

H

H

L

L

H

L

H

L

High

Tcherny-Lessenot

H

H

H

L

H

H

L

H

L

High

Thiruga-nasamban-damoorthy

L

L

L

L

L

L

L

H

L

Mod

Waterman

L

L

L

L

L

L

L

L

L

Low

Yan

L

L

L

L

H

H

L

H

L

High

  1. a: Indicates studies using the same database