Fig. 2

Predicted and measured muscle activities without load carriage. Red and green lines show the muscle activities predicted by the model and those measured by electromyography (EMG), respectively, as a function of the percentage of stride. We normalized the magnitudes by the maximal values for each curve. The solid lines represent the group averages of simulated and measured muscle activities (N = 4). The shaded areas represent the group-averaged EMG linear envelopes (mean ± one standard deviation). The vertical dashed line, which represents the toe-off point for each condition, separates the stance phase (before toe off) from the swing phase (after toe off)