Skip to main content

Table 1 Age, fracture and clinical characteristics, and healthcare resource utilization at baseline

From: Fracture risk and healthcare resource utilization and costs among osteoporosis patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and without diabetes mellitus in Japan: retrospective analysis of a hospital claims database

 

Overall

Raloxifene subgroup

Characteristic

All (N = 15,559)

T2DM (N = 7580)

Non-DM (N = 7979)

P value

All (N = 1367)

T2DM (N = 668)

Non-DM (N = 699)

P value

Age in years, mean (SD)

73.1 (9.10)

73.4 (8.99)

72.9 (9.19)

<0.001

73.7 (9.08)

74.9 (8.45)

72.6 (9.53)

<0.001

Age, n (%)

   

<0.001

   

<0.001

 50–54 years

439 (2.8)

203 (2.7)

236 (3.0)

 

35 (2.6)

8 (1.2)

27 (3.9)

 

 55–59 years

896 (5.8)

413 (5.4)

483 (6.1)

 

62 (4.5)

22 (3.3)

40 (5.7)

 

 60–64 years

1515 (9.7)

679 (9.0)

836 (10.5)

 

114 (8.3)

40 (6.0)

74 (10.6)

 

 65–69 years

2309 (14.8)

1064 (14.0)

1245 (15.6)

 

229 (16.8)

103 (15.4)

126 (18.0)

 

 70–74 years

2967 (19.1)

1504 (19.8)

1463 (18.3)

 

264 (19.3)

144 (21.6)

120 (17.2)

 

 75–79 years

3406 (21.9)

1695 (22.4)

1711 (21.4)

 

280 (20.5)

145 (21.7)

135 (19.3)

 

 80 years and older

4027 (25.9)

2022 (26.7)

2005 (25.1)

 

383 (28.0)

206 (30.8)

177 (25.3)

 

Fractures, n (%)

 Patients with clinical fracturesa

810 (5.2)

405 (5.3)

405 (5.1)

0.453

76 (5.6)

45 (6.7)

31 (4.4)

0.063

 Patients with non-vertebral fractures

542 (3.5)

275 (3.6)

267 (3.3)

0.338

62 (4.5)

33 (4.9)

29 (4.1)

0.482

Charlson Comorbidity Index, mean (SD)

2.15 (2.28)

2.76 (2.37)

1.58 (2.03)

<0.001

1.70 (1.87)

2.30 (1.99)

1.13 (1.55)

<0.001

Comorbidities, n (%)

 Dyslipidemia

5329 (34.3)

3671 (48.4)

1658 (20.8)

<0.001

429 (31.4)

323 (48.4)

106 (15.2)

<0.001

 Arteriosclerosis

1487 (9.6)

935 (12.3)

552 (6.9)

<0.001

112 (8.2)

75 (11.2)

37 (5.3)

<0.001

 Peripheral vascular disease

1926 (12.4)

1178 (15.5)

748 (9.4)

<0.001

164 (12.0)

96 (14.4)

68 (9.7)

0.008

 Thyroid disease

1702 (10.9)

1120 (14.8)

582 (7.3)

<0.001

138 (10.1)

93 (13.9)

45 (6.4)

<0.001

 Liver disease

2817 (18.1)

1914 (25.3)

903 (11.3)

<0.001

212 (15.5)

155 (23.2)

57 (8.2)

<0.001

 Chronic kidney disease

823 (5.3)

647 (8.5)

176 (2.2)

<0.001

57 (4.2)

49 (7.3)

8 (1.1)

<0.001

 Type 2 diabetes

4580 (29.4)

4580 (60.4)

-

<0.001

357 (26.1)

357 (53.4)

-

<0.001

Osteoporosis medications initiated, n (%)

 Bisphosphonates

8913 (57.3)

4140 (54.6)

4773 (59.8)

<0.001

47 (3.4)

18 (2.7)

29 (4.1)

0.140

 SERMs

1373 (8.8)

670 (8.8)

703 (8.8)

0.950

1367 (100.0)

668 (100.0)

699 (100.0)

-

 Active vitamin Db

6155 (39.6)

3101 (40.9)

3054 (38.3)

<0.001

385 (28.2)

167 (25.0)

218 (31.2)

0.011

 Calcitonin

4 (0.0)

1 (0.0)

3 (0.0)

0.343c

-

-

-

 

 Raloxifene without alendronate

1339 (8.6)

660 (8.7)

679 (8.5)

0.661

1339 (98.0)

660 (98.8)

679 (97.1)

0.030

 Raloxifene and alendronate in combination

28 (0.2)

8 (0.1)

20 (0.3)

0.033

28 (2.0)

8 (1.2)

20 (2.9)

0.030

 Alendronate without raloxifene

5363 (34.5)

2476 (32.7)

2887 (36.2)

<0.001

-

-

-

-

Other medications, n (%)

 Corticosteroid

3020 (19.4)

1910 (25.2)

1110 (13.9)

<0.001

157 (11.5)

94 (14.1)

63 (9.0)

0.003

 Proton-pump inhibitor

3035 (19.5)

2018 (26.6)

1017 (12.7)

<0.001

245 (17.9)

168 (25.1)

77 (11.0)

<0.001

 Thyroid hormone

712 (4.6)

429 (5.7)

283 (3.5)

<0.001

41 (3.0)

25 (3.7)

16 (2.3)

0.115

 Anticonvulsants

289 (1.9)

181 (2.4)

108 (1.4)

<0.001

21 (1.5)

15 (2.2)

6 (0.9)

0.037

 Immunosuppressants

953 (6.1)

587 (7.7)

366 (4.6)

<0.001

51 (3.7)

29 (4.3)

22 (3.1)

0.244

Diabetes medications, n (%)

 Insulin

365 (2.3)

365 (4.8)

-

<0.001

29 (2.1)

29 (4.3)

-

<0.001

 Metformin

249 (1.6)

249 (3.3)

-

<0.001

32 (2.3)

32 (4.8)

-

<0.001

 Sulfonylurea

467 (3.0)

467 (6.2)

-

<0.001

50 (3.7)

50 (7.5)

-

<0.001

 Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor

472 (3.0)

472 (6.2)

-

<0.001

48 (3.5)

48 (7.2)

-

<0.001

 Thiazolidinedione

219 (1.4)

219 (2.9)

-

<0.001

25 (1.8)

25 (3.7)

-

<0.001

Resource utilization

 BMD test, n (%)

2251 (14.5)

913 (12.0)

1338 (16.8)

<0.001

203 (14.9)

71 (10.6)

132 (18.9)

<0.001

 Bone formation test, n (%)

112 (0.7)

61 (0.8)

51 (0.6)

0.222

8 (0.6)

5 (0.7)

3 (0.4)

0.439c

 Bone resorption test, n (%)

484 (3.1)

223 (2.9)

261 (3.3)

0.237

58 (4.2)

25 (3.7)

33 (4.7)

0.370

 Osteoporosis-related testsd (baseline), n (%)

3738 (24.0)

1752 (23.1)

1986 (24.9)

0.010

323 (23.6)

133 (19.9)

190 (27.2)

0.002

 Osteoporosis-related testsd (baseline), mean per patient (SD)

0.421 (0.980)

0.434 (1.041)

0.408 (0.918)

0.098

0.358 (0.823)

0.34 (0.859)

0.375 (0.788)

0.433

 Laboratory tests, n (%)

1975 (12.7)

1199 (15.8)

776 (9.7)

<0.001

179 (13.1)

120 (18.0)

59 (8.4)

<0.001

 Laboratory tests, mean per patient (SD)

8.983 (41.74)

13.02 (51.36)

5.144 (29.35)

<0.001

7.734 (34.43)

11.66 (41.1)

3.986 (26)

<0.001

 Hospital admissions, n (%)

1410 (9.1)

872 (11.5)

538 (6.7)

<0.001

81 (5.9)

54 (8.1)

27 (3.9)

<0.001

 Hospital admissions, mean per patient (SD)

0.117 (0.47)

0.147 (0.488)

0.088 (0.45)

<0.001

0.071 (0.313)

0.099 (0.378)

0.044 (0.232)

0.001

 Days in hospital, mean (SD)

3.282 (21.65)

4.33 (27.37)

2.286 (14.15)

<0.001

1.688 (9.911)

2.147 (11.16)

1.25 (8.537)

0.097

 Outpatient visits, n (%)

15,297 (98.3)

7437 (98.1)

7860 (98.5)

0.056

1353 (99.0)

660 (98.8)

693 (99.1)

0.533

 Outpatient visits, mean per patient (SD)

3.567 (8.038)

4.216 (8.932)

2.95 (7.03)

<0.001

2.52 (3.836)

2.91 (4.524)

2.147 (2.992)

<0.001

 Total cost in JPY, mean (SD)

122,000 (456,000)

160,000 (535,000)

85,215 (361,000)

<0.001

60,494 (261,000)

81,248 (325,000)

40,661 (178,000)

0.005

 Total cost in JPY, median

13,983

18,675

10,783

 

9,565

13,066

6,654

 
  1. Abbreviations: BMD bone mineral density, DM diabetes mellitus, JPY Japanese Yen, SD standard deviation, SERM selective estrogen receptor modulator, T2DM type 2 diabetes mellitus
  2. aClinical fractures include vertebral and non-vertebral fractures
  3. bActive vitamin D refers to calcitriol, alfacalcidol or eldecalcitol
  4. cChi-squared test may not be valid as more than 20% of the cells have fewer than 5 expected counts
  5. dOsteoporosis-related tests include bone formation tests, bone resorption tests, imaging tests, and BMD measurements