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Table 4 OR (95 % CI) for subjective hearing loss by musculoskeletal pain, socioeconomic conditions, measured hearing loss, depression and anxiety in women and mena

From: Are persons with fibromyalgia or other musculoskeletal pain more likely to report hearing loss? A HUNT study

 

Subjective hearing loss

Unadjusted

Adjusted for age, education and hearing loss (model 1)

In addition adjusted for anxiety and depression (model 2)

Yes

No

N (%)

N (%)

OR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

WOMEN (21 808)

2 383 (10.93)

19 425 (89.07)

   

Musculoskeletal pain

     

 None

805 (6.79)

11 055 (93.21)

1.000 ref

1.000 ref

1.000 ref

 Local

558 (13.42)

3 600 (86.58)

2.129 (1.899–2.386)

1.901 (1.657–2.182)

1.915 (1.627–2.255)

 Widespread

1 020 (17.62)

4 770 (82.38)

2.937 (2.661–3.240)

3.145 (2.788–3.548)

3.073 (2.668–3.539)

Age

 20–35

156 (2.61)

5 829 (97.39)

1.000 ref

1.000 ref

1.000 ref

 36–49

283 (4.22)

6 426 (95.78)

1.646 (1.349–2.007)

1.212 (0.987–1.490)

1.172 (0.940–1.460)

 50–64

552 (11.21)

4 371 (88.79)

4.719 (3.934–5.661)

2.202 (1.800–2.693)

2.220 (1.785–2.762)

 65+

1 392 (33.21)

2 799 (66.79)

18.583 (15.654–22.059)

2.916 (2.357–3.608)

3.064 (2.415–3.887)

Education

 Primary school

1 470 (19.31)

6 143 (80.69)

1.000 ref

1.000 ref

1.000 ref

 High school

505 (5.68)

8 387 (94.32)

0.252 (0.226–0.280)

0.761 (0..665–0.870)

0.771 (0.661–0.899)

 Higher

408 (7.69)

4 895 (92.31)

0.348 (0.310–0.391)

0.836 (0.726–0.964)

0.896 (0.756–1.061)

WHO hearing impairment

 None (<26 dB)

835 (4.52)

17 619 (95.48)

1.000 ref

1.000 ref

1.000 ref

 Mild (26–40 dB)

723 (33.32)

1 447 (66.68)

10.543 (9.419–11.805)

6.150 (5.367–7.047)

6.393 (5.445–7.506)

 Moderate (41–60 dB)

644 (67.08)

316 (32.92)

43.002 (36.959–50.035)

25.229 (21.099–30.168)

25.202 (20.300–31.286)

 Severe (>60 dB)

181 (80.80)

43 (19.20)

88.819 (63.239–124.745)

57.021 (39.859–81.574)

53.218 (34.360–82.427)

HADS-A ≥8b

 No

1 365 (8.61)

14 493 (91.39)

1.000 ref

 

1.000 ref

 Yes

405 (14.06)

2 476 (85.94)

1.737 (1.542–1.956)

 

1.703 (1.448–2.004)

HADS-D ≥8b

 No

1 707 (9.21)

16 830 (90.79)

1.000 ref

 

1.000 ref

 Yes

361 (20.74)

1 379 (79.25)

2.581 (2.275–2.928)

 

1.285 (1.063–1.552)

Nagelkerke R2

   

0.390

0.378

−2 Log likelihood

   

10 334.633

7 789.274

MEN (21 203)

3 576 (16.87)

17 627 (83.13)

   

Musculoskeletal pain

 None

1 335 (10.82)

11 008 (89.18)

1.000 ref

1.000 ref

1.000 ref

 Local

884 (19.26)

3 707 (80.74)

1.966 (1.792–2.158)

1.851 (1.662–2.061)

1.796 (1.590–2.029)

 Widespread

1 357 (31.79)

2 912 (68.21)

3.843 (3.526–4.187)

3.739 (3.375–4.142)

3.618 (3.225–4.058)

Age

 20–35

263 (5.07)

4 926 (94.93)

1.000 ref

1.000 ref

1.000 ref

 36–49

489 (7.60)

5 946 (92.40)

1.540 (1.320–1.798)

1.124 (0.957–1.321)

1.064 (0.898–1.261)

 50–64

1 076 (19.97)

4 311 (80.03)

4.675 (4.061–5.382)

1.978 (1.692–2.321)

1.934 (1.638–2.284)

 65+

1 758 (41.70)

2 444 (58.30)

13.396 (11.665–15.385)

2.375 (2.001–2.818)

2.152 (1.784–2.597)

Education

 Primary school

1 658 (27.29)

4 418 (72.71)

1.000 ref

1.000 ref

1.000 ref

 High school

1 313 (12.96)

8 822 (87.04)

0.397 (0.366–0.430)

0.892 (0.808–0.985)

0.884 (0.791–0.988)

 Higher

605 (12.12)

4 387 (87.88)

0.367 (0.332–0.407)

0.757 (0.671–0.854)

0.688 (0.598–0.791)

WHO hearing impairment

 None (<26 dB)

1 222 (7.50)

15 080 (92.50)

1.000 ref

1.000 ref

1.000 ref

 Mild (26–40 dB)

1 135 (37.36)

1 903 (62.64)

7.360 (6.701–8.084)

4.775 (4.270–5.341)

4.842 (4.361–5.600)

 Moderate (41–60 dB)

962 (62.63)

574 (37.37)

20.682 (18.368–23.288)

12.982 (11.221–15.020)

13.428 (11.428–16.060)

 Severe (>60 dB)

257 (78.59)

70 (21.41)

45.307 (34.566–59.386)

31.241 (23.419–41.677)

29.054 (20.611–40.956)

HADS-A ≥8b

 No

2 386 (14.25)

14 352 (85.75)

1.000 ref

 

1.000 ref

 Yes

448 (21.13)

1 672 (78.87)

1.612 (1.440–1.804)

 

1.443 (1.242–1.676)

HADS-D ≥8b

 No

2 577 (14.39)

1 533 (85.61)

1.000 ref

 

1.000 ref

 Yes

585 (30.02)

1 364 (69.98)

2.552 (2.296–2.836)

 

1.555 (1.342–1.801)

Nagelkerke R2

   

0.361

0.348

−2 Log likelihood

   

14 108.014

11 358.869

  1. HADS-A = self-reported questionnaire for symptoms of anxiety in which a score of ≥8 is consistent with clinically relevant symptoms of anxiety
  2. HADS-D = self-reported questionnaire for symptoms of depression in which a score of ≥8 is consistent with clinically relevant symptoms of depression
  3. aN in this analysis ranges from 21 808 to 18 210 and 21 203 to 18 355 for respectively women and men
  4. bMissing data from several participants on this variable