| |
Subjective hearing loss
|
Unadjusted
|
Adjusted for age, education and hearing loss (model 1)
|
In addition adjusted for anxiety and depression (model 2)
|
|---|
|
Yes
|
No
|
|---|
|
N (%)
|
N (%)
|
OR (95% CI)
|
OR (95% CI)
|
OR (95% CI)
|
|---|
|
WOMEN (13 135)
|
1 085 (8.26)
|
12 050 (91.74)
| | | |
|
Fibromyalgia
| | | | | |
|
No
|
805 (6.79)
|
11 055 (93.21)
|
1.000 ref
|
1.000 ref
|
1.000 ref
|
|
Yes
|
280 (21.96)
|
995 (78.04)
|
3.865 (3.324–4.493)
|
5.182 (4.278–6.277)
|
4.578 (3.622–5.787)
|
|
Age
|
|
20–35
|
89 (2.09)
|
4 162 (97.91)
|
1.000 ref
|
1.000 ref
|
1.000 ref
|
|
36–49
|
135 (3.36)
|
3 881 (96.64)
|
1.627 (1.240–2.133)
|
1.069 (0.801–1.426)
|
0.974 (0.713–1.329)
|
|
50–64
|
279 (10.24)
|
2 445 (89.76)
|
5.336 (4.182–6.809)
|
2.072 (1.565–2.743)
|
1.952 (1.437–2.651)
|
|
65+
|
582 (27.15)
|
1 562 (72.85)
|
17.424 (13.837–21.942)
|
2.354 (1.747–3.172)
|
2.071 (1.474–2.909)
|
|
Education
|
|
Primary school
|
659 (15.45)
|
3 606 (84.55)
|
1.000 ref
|
1.000 ref
|
1.000 ref
|
|
High school
|
247 (4.49)
|
5 255 (95.51)
|
0.257 (0.221–0.299)
|
0.807 (0.665–0.980)
|
0.736 (0.588–0.921)
|
|
Higher
|
179 (5.15)
|
3 189 (94.69)
|
0.307 (0.259–0.365)
|
0.811 (0.658–1.000)
|
0.799 (0.618–1.032)
|
|
WHO hearing impairment
|
|
None (<26 dB)
|
377 (3.31)
|
11 007 (96.69)
|
1.000 ref
|
1.000 ref
|
1.000 ref
|
|
Mild (26–40 dB)
|
325 (28.33)
|
822 (71.67)
|
11.544 (9.793–13.606)
|
7.859 (6.404–9.644)
|
8.082 (6.340–10.302)
|
|
Moderate (41–60 dB)
|
291 (59.75)
|
196 (40.25)
|
43.348 (35.201–53.380)
|
31.533 (24.444–40.678)
|
35.904 (26.424–48.786)
|
|
Severe (>60 dB)
|
92 (78.63)
|
25 (21.37)
|
107.442 (68.247–169.148)
|
81.067 (50.190–130.939)
|
90.053 (49.378–164.234)
|
|
HADS–A ≥8b
|
|
No
|
606 (6.11)
|
9 312 (93.89)
|
1.000 ref
| |
1.000 ref
|
|
Yes
|
178 (11.83)
|
1 327 (88.17)
|
2.061 (1.727–2.460)
| |
1.732 (1.353–2.217)
|
|
HADS-D ≥8b
|
|
No
|
786 (6.91)
|
10 590 (93.09)
|
1.000 ref
| |
1.000 ref
|
|
Yes
|
155 (17.44)
|
734 (82.56)
|
2.845 (2.358–3.433)
| |
1.131 (0.849–1.508)
|
|
Nagelkerke R2
| | | |
0.389
|
0.375
|
|
−2 Log likelihood
| | | |
5 056.265
|
3 744.466
|
|
MEN (12 551)
|
1 404 (11.19)
|
11 147 (88.81)
| | | |
|
Fibromyalgia
|
|
No
|
1 335 (10.82)
|
11 008 (89.18)
|
1.000 ref
|
1.000 ref
|
1.000 ref
|
|
Yes
|
69 (33.17)
|
139 (66.83)
|
4.093 (3.050–5.493)
|
4.368 (3.082–6.189)
|
4.523 (3.077–6.647)
|
|
Age
|
|
20–35
|
150 (3.93)
|
3 666 (96.07)
|
1.000 ref
|
1.000 ref
|
1.000 ref
|
|
36–49
|
173 (4.54)
|
3 638 (95.46)
|
1.162 (0.930–1.453)
|
1.007 (0.800–1.268)
|
0.966 (0.757–1.233)
|
|
50–64
|
332 (12.40)
|
2 346 (87.60)
|
3.459 (2.833–4.223)
|
1.692 (1.351–2.119)
|
1.609 (1.262–2.050)
|
|
65+
|
749 (33.35)
|
1 497 (66.65)
|
12.228 (10.159–14.718)
|
2.116 (1.661–2.695)
|
1.837 (1.404–2.403)
|
|
Education
|
|
Primary school
|
611 (19.72)
|
2 487 (80.28)
|
1.000 ref
|
1.000 ref
|
1.000 ref
|
|
High school
|
505 (8.22)
|
5 636 (91.78)
|
0.365 (0.321–0.414)
|
0.914 (0.783–1.066)
|
0.886 (0.757–1.233)
|
|
Higher
|
288 (8.70)
|
3 024 (91.30)
|
0.388 (0.334–0.450)
|
0.824 (0.691–0.981)
|
0.765 (0.622–0.940)
|
|
WHO hearing impairment
|
|
None (<26 dB)
|
438 (4.36)
|
9 618 (95.64)
|
1.000 ref
|
1.000 ref
|
1.000 ref
|
|
Mild (26–40 dB)
|
439 (28.16)
|
1 120 (71.84)
|
8.607 (7.437–9.961)
|
5.625 (4.713–6.715)
|
6.157 (5.054–7.500)
|
|
Moderate (41–60 dB)
|
410 (53.39)
|
358 (46.61)
|
25.148 (21.194–29.841)
|
15.120 (12.203–18.734)
|
17.012 (13.214–21.902)
|
|
Severe (>60 dB)
|
117 (69.64)
|
51 (30.36)
|
50.376 (35.766–70.955)
|
31.310 (21.721–45.133)
|
29.566 (19.085–45.802)
|
|
HADS-A ≥8b
|
|
No
|
949 (9.20)
|
9 368 (90.80)
|
1.000 ref
| |
1.000 ref
|
|
Yes
|
128 (13.43)
|
825 (86.57)
|
1.532 (1.257–1.867)
| |
1.583 (1.225–2.044)
|
|
HADS-D ≥8b
|
|
No
|
1 040 (9.49)
|
9 915 (90.51)
|
1.000 ref
| |
1.000 ref
|
|
Yes
|
183 (21.79)
|
657 (78.21)
|
2.655 (2.227–3.166)
| |
1.429 (1.118–1.826)
|
|
Nagelkerke R2
| | | |
0.319
|
0.296
|
|
−2 Log likelihood
| | | |
6 593.252
|
5 200.042
|
- HADS-A = self-reported questionnaire for symptoms of anxiety in which a score of ≥8 is consistent with clinically relevant symptoms of anxiety
- HADS-D = self-reported questionnaire for symptoms of depression in which a score of ≥8 is consistent with clinically relevant symptoms of depression
- aN in this analysis ranges from 13 135 to 11 113 and 12 551 to 10 961 for respectively women and men
- bMissing data from several participants on this variable
