Flip-flop footwear with a moulded foot-bed for the treatment of foot pain: a randomised controlled trial

Table 2 Primary and secondary outcome measures of pain and function at baseline and 12 week follow-up. Values are means (standard deviations) unless otherwise stated

Measure	Intervention Group		Control group		Adjusted mean difference (95 % CI)	P Value	Effect size (Cohen’s d)
Measure	Baseline	Follow-up	Baseline	Follow-up	Adjusted mean difference (95 % CI)	P Value	Effect size (Cohen’s d)
Primary Outcome
FHSQ Pain^b	52.6 (15.7)	61.5 (16.4)	51.1 (16.7)	50.7 (17.6)	9.6 (5.5 to 13.3)	<0.01	0.64
Secondary Outcomes
Pain VAS (mm)^c	55.7 (17.9)	45.4 (19.6)	52.7 (18.3)	51.8 (20.5)	−9.4^a (5.6 to 13.2)	<0.01	0.33
FHSQ Function^b	60.7 (20.4)	68.1 (19.4)	60.0 (20.2)	59.1 (21.4)	8.4^a (4.8 to 11.7)	<0.01	0.44
FHSQ General Foot Health^b	26.5 (27.9)	36.7 (30.7)	23.8 (27.0)	25.1 (27.0)	8.9^a (0.6 to 13.3)	<0.01	0.41

^ameets minimal important difference level for a clinically meaningful difference
^bFHSQ_Foot Health Status Questionnaire (0 = “worst foot health,” 100 = “best foot health”)
^cVAS_Visual Analog Scale (0 to 100 - higher values indicate greater levels of pain)

ISSN: 1471-2474