Variables | Association with the first healthcare provider | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DC | MD | PT | P-value | ||||
n or mean | % or SD | n or mean | % or SD | n or mean | % or SD | ||
Individual characteristics | |||||||
Predisposing characteristics | |||||||
Demographic: | |||||||
Sex; n (%) | |||||||
Male | 393 | 62.7 % | 2919 | 62.0 % | 100 | 57.5 % | 0.445 |
Female | 234 | 37.3 % | 1791 | 38.0 % | 74 | 42.5 % | |
Age; mean (SD) | 40 | 11 | 39 | 11 | 42 | 10 | 0.002a |
Social: | |||||||
Language; n (%) | |||||||
English or French | 599 | 96.8 % | 4436 | 95.3 % | 168 | 96.6 % | 0.184 |
Other | 20 | 3.2 % | 221 | 4.7 % | 6 | 3.4 % | |
Workplace: | |||||||
Job tenure (years); mean (SD) | 9.5 | 8.9 | 7.6 | 8 | 8.8 | 8.6 | 0.002b |
Union member; n (%) | |||||||
Yes | 341 | 55.0 % | 2381 | 51.3 % | 93 | 53.8 % | 0.193 |
No | 279 | 45.0 % | 2261 | 48.7 % | 80 | 46.2 % | |
Employer doubts the accident is work-related; n (%) | |||||||
Yes | 69 | 13.2 % | 505 | 12.3 % | 16 | 11.0 % | 0.753 |
No | 455 | 86.8 % | 3602 | 87.7 % | 129 | 89.0 % | |
Physical demands; n (%) | |||||||
Manual | 374 | 60.9 % | 3050 | 66.9 % | 110 | 65.1 % | 0.041 |
Non-manual | 81 | 13.2 % | 548 | 12.0 % | 24 | 14.2 % | |
Mixed-manual | 159 | 25.9 % | 962 | 21.1 % | 35 | 20.7 % | |
Sector of economic activity; n (%) | |||||||
Agriculture, fishing/trapping, logging and forestry, mining, quarrying and oil wells | 5 | 1.0 % | 56 | 1.5 % | 3 | 2.2 % | 0.503 |
Manufacturing | 139 | 29.1 % | 1147 | 29.8 % | 37 | 27.4 % | |
Construction | 31 | 6.5 % | 243 | 6.3 % | 4 | 3.0 % | |
Transportation and storage | 35 | 7.3 % | 280 | 7.3 % | 7 | 5.2 % | |
Communication and other utility | 9 | 1.9 % | 74 | 1.9 % | 2 | 1.5 % | |
Wholesale trade | 37 | 7.7 % | 288 | 7.5 % | 10 | 7.6 % | |
Retail trade | 76 | 15.9 % | 566 | 14.7 % | 21 | 15.6 % | |
Real estate operator or insurance agent | 1 | 0.2 % | 26 | 0.7 % | 1 | 0.7 % | |
Business service | 18 | 3.8 % | 163 | 4.2 % | 8 | 5.9 % | |
Government service | 10 | 2.1 % | 33 | 0.9 % | 3 | 2.2 % | |
Educational service | 1 | 0.2 % | 29 | 0.8 % | 0 | 0.0 % | |
Health and social service | 80 | 16.7 % | 606 | 15.7 % | 30 | 22.2 % | |
Accommodation, food and beverage service | 19 | 4.0 % | 205 | 5.3 % | 4 | 3.0 % | |
Other service | 17 | 3.6 % | 137 | 3.6 % | 5 | 3.7 % | |
Early return to work program; n (%) | |||||||
Yes | 502 | 84.2 % | 3783 | 86.5 % | 144 | 88.3 % | 0.235 |
No | 94 | 15.8 % | 590 | 13.5 % | 19 | 11.7 % | |
Number of employees; n (%) | |||||||
20 or fewer | 210 | 33.6 % | 1359 | 28.9 % | 50 | 29.1 % | 0.053 |
More than 20 | 415 | 66.4 % | 3343 | 71.1 % | 122 | 70.9 % | |
Enabling resources | |||||||
Financial: | |||||||
Gross personal income per year ($CAN); mean (SD) | 40054 | 17300 | 37173 | 16948 | 39732 | 17021 | <0.001c |
Organizational: | |||||||
Community size; n (%) | |||||||
1,500,000 + | 185 | 29.6 % | 1719 | 36.6 % | 77 | 44.3 % | <0.001 |
500,000–1,499,999 | 60 | 9.6 % | 614 | 13.1 % | 20 | 11.5 % | |
100,000–499,999 | 207 | 33.1 % | 1395 | 29.7 % | 44 | 25.3 % | |
10,000–99,999 | 78 | 12.5 % | 424 | 9.0 % | 16 | 9.2 % | |
Less than 10,000 | 96 | 15.3 % | 545 | 11.6 % | 17 | 9.8 % | |
Urban/rural indicator; n (%) | |||||||
Rural | 105 | 16.8 % | 657 | 14.0 % | 20 | 11.5 % | 0.098 |
Urban | 520 | 83.2 % | 4035 | 86.0 % | 154 | 88.5 % | |
Needs | |||||||
Previous similar injury; n (%) | |||||||
Yes | 288 | 47.1 % | 1565 | 34.3 % | 83 | 48.3 % | <0.001 |
No | 323 | 52.9 % | 2997 | 65.7 % | 89 | 51.7 % | |
Previous 100 % wage compensation claim; n (%) | |||||||
Yes | 301 | 48.0 % | 2112 | 44.8 % | 86 | 49.4 % | 0.179 |
No | 326 | 52.0 % | 2598 | 55.2 % | 88 | 50.6 % | |
Restricted use of public transportation; n (%) | |||||||
Yes | 6 | 1.2 % | 38 | 0.9 % | 0 | 0.0 % | 0.432 |
No | 510 | 98.8 % | 4165 | 99.1 % | 142 | 100.0 % | |
Restricted operation of a motor vehicle; n (%) | |||||||
Yes | 8 | 1.6 % | 106 | 2.5 % | 2 | 1.4 % | 0.306 |
No | 503 | 98.4 % | 4127 | 97.5 % | 142 | 98.6 % | |
Any task limitations; n (%) | |||||||
Yes | 402 | 77.5 % | 3160 | 73.8 % | 107 | 72.8 % | 0.182 |
No | 117 | 22.5 % | 1123 | 26.2 % | 40 | 27.2 % | |
Nature of injury; n (%) | |||||||
Least severe | 581 | 92.7 % | 4488 | 95.3 % | 158 | 90.8 % | 0.001 |
Most severe | 46 | 7.3 % | 222 | 4.7 % | 16 | 9.2 % | |
Part of body; n (%) | |||||||
Upper back pain | 53 | 8.5 % | 246 | 9.0 % | 13 | 7.5 % | 0.494 |
Low back pain | 522 | 83.3 % | 3859 | 81.9 % | 147 | 84.5 % | |
Multiple regions | 40 | 6.4 % | 267 | 5.7 % | 8 | 4.6 % | |
Back pain (unspecified upper or low) | 12 | 1.9 % | 158 | 3.4 % | 6 | 3.4 % | |
Health behavior | |||||||
Days between the accident and the first health care consultation; mean (SD) | 2.3 | 3.8 | 2 | 3.7 | 5.1 | 6.4 | <0.001d |
Additional type of care sought within the first 4 weeks; n (%) | |||||||
Chiropractor | − | − | 507 | 10.8 % | 3 | 1.7 % | <0.001* |
Physician | 144 | 23.0 % | − | − | 102 | 58.6 % | |
Physiotherapist | 25 | 4.0 % | 1213 | 25.8 % | − | − | |
No additional type of care | 476 | 75.9 % | 3026 | 64.2 % | 70 | 40.2 % | |
Compensation process | |||||||
Days between the accident and the registration of the claim; mean (SD) | 8.9 | 9.7 | 7.5 | 8.1 | 9.1 | 8.3 | <0.001e |
Days between the accident and the approval of the claim; mean (SD) | 43 | 100 | 31 | 51 | 37 | 50 | <0.001f |