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Table 1 Adaptation of the Hayden score for the evaluation of the risks of bias

From: Identification of clinical phenotypes in knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review of the literature

Areas of potential bias

Explanation and Adaptation

(1) Participation

Source population and characteristic of the sample

(2) Study attrition

Loss to follow up

(3) Measurement of prognostic factorsa

A clear definition or description of the prognostic factor measured is provided and adequately reported. Adaptation: We considered as prognostic factor the variable chosen in the study to classify the patients and define the phenotypes

(4) Outcome measurementa

A clear definition of the outcome of interest is provided and the outcome methods are valid and reliable. Adaptation: we considered the variable used to define the difference between subgroups as outcome measures

(5) Confounding factors

Are confounders present in the study; confounding factors are accounted for in the study design

(6) Analysis

Data analysis and data presentation

  1. a: areas of potential bias adapted to match the design of the studies included