Reference | FE Modela | Elastic modulus (E) | Outcomes reported | Site measured |
---|---|---|---|---|
Pistoia et al. Bone 2002; 30(6): 842–848. | STM | 10 GPa | 1. Failure Load (N) | Cadaver Radius |
MacNeil et al. Med Eng and Phys 2007; 29: 1096–1105. | STM | 10 GPa | 1. Reaction Load (N) 2. Strain Energy Density 3. Average von Mises Stress (MPa) | Cadaver Radius (Cube Sample) |
MacNeil et al. Med Eng and Phys 2008; 30: 792–799.b | STM | Calculatedc | 1. Elastic Modulus (CV%RMS)b 2. Reaction Force (CV%RMS)b 3. Average von Mises Stress (CV%RMS)b 4. Strain Energy Density (CV%RMS)b | In vivo Radius and Tibia |
MacNeil et al. Bone 2008; 42: 1203–1213. | STM E-BMD | 6829 MPa Eelement = 15004 × (ρ/1200 mg HA/cm3)1.7 | 1. Apparent Bone Strength (Ultimate Stress) (GPa) | In vivo Radius |
Boutroy et al. JBMR 2008; 23(3): 392–399. | DTM | Cortical: 20 GPa Trabecular: 17.5 GPa | 1. Stiffness (kN/mm) 2. % Load Carried by Each Tissued 3. Average von Mises Stress for each Tissued (MPa) | In vivo Radius and Tibia |
Mueller et al. Bone 2009; 44: 364–371. | STM | 10 GPa | 1. Strength (N) 2. Stiffness (N/mm) | Cadaver Radius |
Dalzell et al. Osteoporos Int 2009; 20: 1683–1694. | STM | 10 GPa | 1. Stiffness (N/mm) 2. Failure Load (N) | In vivo Radius and Tibia |
Varga et al. J Biomech 2009; 42: 1726–1731. | DTM | Cortical: 16.5 GPa Trabecular: 2974.0 MPa | 1. Failure Load (N) 2. Stiffness (N/mm) | Cadaver Radius |
Burghardt et al. JBMR 2010; 25(12): 2558–2571. | DTM | Cortical: 10 GPa Trabecular: 10 GPa | 1. Stiffness (N/mm) 2. Apparent Modulus (N/mm2) 3. Failure Load (N) 4. % Load Carried by Cortex | In vivo Radius and Tibia |
Vilayphiou et al. Bone 2010; 46: 1030–1037. | DTM | Cortical: 20 GPa Trabecular: 17 GPa | 1. Failure Load (N) 2. Stiffness (kN/mm) 3. % Load Carried by Each Tissued 4. Average von Mises stress for each Tissued (MPa) | In vivo Radius and Tibia |
Varga et al. Bone. 2010; 47: 982–988. | STM | 15 GPa | 1. Stiffness (kN.mm) 2. Failure Load (kN) | Cadaver Radius |
Vilayphiou et al. JBMR 2011; 26(5): 965–973. | DTM | Cortical: 20 GPa Trabecular: 17 GPa | 1. Failure Load (N) 2. Stiffness (kN/mm) 3. % Load Carried by Each Tissued 4. Average von Mises stress for each Tissued (MPa) | In vivo Radius and Tibia |
Macdonald et al. JBMR 2011; 26(1): 50–62. | STM | 6829 MPa | 1. Stiffness (N/mm) 2. Apparent Bone Strength (Ultimate Stress) (MPa) 3. Failure Load (N) 4. % Strain Energy Carried by each Tissued | In vivo Radius and Tibia |
Varga et al. Biomech Model Mecahnobiol 2011; 10: 431–444. | DTM | Cortical: 15 GPa Trabecular: 15 GPa | 1. Stiffness (kN/mm) 2. Failure Load (kN) 3. Apparent Modulus (kN/mm2) 4. % Load Carried by each Tissued | Cadaver Radius |
Rizzoli et al. Osteoporos Int 2012; 23: 305–315. | DTM E-BMD | Cortical: 20 GPa Trabecular: 17 GPa Eelement = 15004 × (ρ/900 mg HA/cm3)1.1 | 1. Failure Load (N) 2. Stiffness (kN/mm) 3. Average von Mises stress for each Tissued (MPa) | In vivo Radius and Tibia |
Nishiyama et al. Osteoprosis Int 2012; 24(5): 1733–1740 | STM | 6829 MPa | 1. Apparent Bone Strength (Ultimate Stress) (MPa) 2. % Load Carried by each Tissued | In vivo Radius and Tibia |
Ellouz et al. Bone 2014; 63: 147–157 | DTM | Cortical: 20 GPa Trabecular: 17 GPa | 1. Stiffness (kN/mm) 2. Average von Mises stress (MPa) for Each Tissued 3. % Load Carried by each Tissued | In vivo Radius and Tibia |