Table 4 Risk of bias results for the studies included in the review
From: The pathophysiology associated with primary (idiopathic) frozen shoulder: A systematic review
Bunker [39] | Carbone et al. [31] | Carrillon et al. [32] | Kilian et al. [33] | Lho et al. [19] | Li et al. [34] | Manton et al. [35] | Neviaser [40] | Sofka et al. [14] | Song et al. [36] | Uhthoff & Boileau [41] | Xu et al. [37] | Zhao et al. [38] | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Did the study address a clearly focused issue? | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
2. Did the authors use an appropriate method to answer their question? | Yes Arthroscopy and Open Release | Yes MRI – No comment on contrast | Yes MRI - Contrast | Yes Arthroscopy | Yes Arthroscopy | Yes MRI – No comment on contrast | Yes Direct MRA | Yes Arthrography | Yes MRI – No Comment On Contrast | Yes Indirect MRI | Yes Arthroscopy | Yes Arthroscopy | Yes MRI– No Comment On Contrast |
3. Were the cases recruited in an acceptable way? | No SoC N = 35 | Yes SoC N = 50 | Yes SoC N = 25 | No SoC N = 6 | No SoC N = 17 | Yes SoC N = 72 | No SoC N = 9 | No SoC N = 1 | Yes SoC N = 47 | Yes SoC N = 35 | No SoC N = 4 | Can’t Tell N = 8 | Can’t Tell N = 60 |
4. Were the controls selected in an acceptable way? | No No Control Group | Yes 50 Cuff Tear 65 Control | No No Control Group | Yes 6 Control | Yes 7 Control | Yes 120 controls | Yes 19 Control | No No Control Group | No No Control Group | Yes 45 Control | No No Control Group | Can’t Tell 10 Control | Can’t Tell 60 Control |
6. (a) What confounding factors have the authors accounted for? | None Recorded | Gender Age Duration of symptoms Stage of condition Previous Mx | Gender Age Duration of symptoms | Stage of condition | Comorbidities Previous Mx | Gender Age Duration of symptoms Previous Mx Comorbidity | Gender Age Previous Mx | None Recorded | Gender Age Stage of condition Symptom duration | Gender Age | Gender Age Comorbidity Duration of symptoms | Gender Age Comorbidity Duration Of Symptoms | Gender Age Comorbidity Ethnicity Duration of Symptoms |
(b) Have the authors taken account of the potential confounding factors in the design and/or in their analysis? | No | Yes Age Comparable Groups - Fs & Rc Tear | No | Yes Stage of condition and Sample | No | Yes Gender affect | Yes Comorbidity Different treatment of Control Group/ “Normals” | No | Yes | No | No | No | Yes |
7. Can the results be applied to the local population? | Can’t Tell | No Diagnostic Test described awaiting validation | Yes | Can’t Tell | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | Can’t Tell | No | Can’t Tell | Yes |
8. Do the results of this study fit with other available evidence? | Can’t Tell | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | Can’t Tell | Yes | Yes | Yes | Can’t Tell | Yes |
Overall risk of bias | High | Low | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Mod | High | Low | Mod | Moderate | Moderate | Low |