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Table 2 List of excluded studies

From: The pathophysiology associated with primary (idiopathic) frozen shoulder: A systematic review

Reference

Secondary

Injection

Surgery

Diabetes mellitus

Trauma

Rotator cuff disease

Biceps tendinopathy

Cause not stated

Distension

Corticosteroid injection

Hyaluronic acid injection

MUA

Arthroscopy

Ahn, K., Kang, C., Oh, Y. & Jeong, W. (2012). Correlation between magnetic resonance imaging and clinical impairment in patients with adhesive capsulitis. Skeletal Radiology. 41(10),1301-8.

X

         

Bunker T. & Anthony. P. (1995). The pathology of frozen shoulder. A Dupuytren-like disease. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, 77B(5), 677–683.

X

     

X

  

X

Bunker, T., Reilly, J., Baird, K. & Hamblen, D. (2000). Expression of growth factors, cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases in frozen shoulder. Journal of Bone and Joint Surger,. 82B(5), 768–773.

      

X

  

X

DePalma, A. (1952). Loss of scapulohumeral motion (frozen shoulder). Annals of Surgery, 135, 193–204.

 

X

X

X

      

Emig, E., Schweitzer, M., Karasick, D. & Lubowitz, J. (1995). Adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder: MR diagnosis. American Journal of Roentgenology, 164(6), 1457–9.

         

X

Golkalp, G., Algin, O., Yildrim, N. & Yazici, Z. (2011). Adhesive capsulitis: contrast enhanced shoulder MRI findings. Journal of Medical Imaging and Radiation Oncology, 55, 119–125.

X

         

Gondim Teixeira, P., Balaj, C., Chanson, A., Lecocq, S., Louis, M. & Blum, A. (2012). Adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder: value of inferior glenohumeral ligament signal changes on T2-weighted fat-saturated images. American Journal of Roentgenology, 198(6),589-596.

    

X

 

X

   

Hagiwara, Y., Ando, A., Onoda, Y., Takemura, T., Minowa, T., Hanagata, N. et al. (2012). Coexistence of fibrotic and chondrogenic process in the capsule of idiopathic frozen shoulders. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage, 20, 241–249.

X

     

X

   

Hand, G., Athanasou, N., Matthews, T. & Carr, A. (2007). The pathology of frozen shoulder. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, 89, 928–932.

X

     

X

   

Jung, J., Jee, W., Chun, H. Kim, Y., Chung, Y. & Kim, J. (2006). Adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder: evaluation with MR arthrography. European Radiology, 16(4), 791–796.

         

X

Kabbabe, B., Ramkumar, S. & Richardson, M. (2010). Cytogenic analysis of the pathology of frozen shoulder. International Journal of Shoulder Surgery, 4(3), 75–78.

X

         

Kanbe, K., Inoue, Y. & Chen, Q. (2009). Inducement of mitogen-activated protein kinases in frozen shoulders. Journal of Orthopaedic Science, 14, 56–61.

       

X

  

Kanbe, K., Inoue, K. & Inoue, Y. (2008). Dynamic movement of the long head of the biceps tendon in frozen shoulders. Journal of orthopaedic surgery, 16(3), 295–299.

X

     

X

X

  

Kim, Y., Kim, J., Lee, Y., Hong, O., Kwon, H. & Ji, J. (2013). Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1, CD54) is increased in adhesive capsulitis. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, 95(4), e18.

X

         

Kim, K., Rhee, K. & Shin, H. (2009). Adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder: dimensions of the rotator interval measured with magnetic resonance arthrography. Journal of Shoulder & Elbow Surgery, 18(3), 437–42.

         

X

Lee, M., Ahn, J., Muhle, C., Kim, S., Park, S., Kim, S. et al. (2003). Adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder diagnosis using magnetic resonance arthrography with arthroscopic findings as the standard. Journal of computer assisted tomography, 27, 901–906.

        

X

X

Lee, S., Park, J. & Song, S. (2012). Correlation of MR Arthrographic findings and range of shoulder motions in patients with frozen shoulder. Musculoskeletal Imaging, 198, 173-179

         

X

Lefevre-Colau, M., Drape, J,. Fayad, F., Rannou, F., Diche, T., Minvielle, F. et al. (2005). Magnetic resonance imaging of shoulders with idiopathic adhesive capsulitis: reliability of measures. European Radiology, 15(12), 2415–22.

      

X

   

Loew, M., Heichel, T. & Lehner, B. (2005). Intraarticular lesions in primary frozen shoulder after manipulation under general anaesthetic. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery, 14(1), 16–21.

X

     

X

   

Nago, M., Mitsui, Y., Gotoh, M., Nakama, K., Shirachi, I., Higuchi, F. et al. (2010). Hyaluronan modulates cell proliferation and mRNA expression of adhesion-related procollagens and cytokines in glenohumeral synovial/capsular fibroblasts in adhesive capsulitis. Journal of Orthopaedic Research, 28(6), 726–731.

  

X

   

X

   

Ogilvie-Harris, D., Biggs, D., Fitsialos, D. & MacKay, M. (1995). The resistant frozen shoulder Manipulation verses arthroscopic release. Clinical orthopaedics and related research, 319, 238–248.

     

X

X

   

Omari, A. & Bunker, T. (2001). Open surgical release for frozen shoulder: Surgical findings and results of the release. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery, 10(4), 353–357.

X

         

Ozaki, J., Nakagawa, Y., Sakurai, G. & Tamai, S. (1989). Recalcitrant chronic adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder. Role of contracture of the coracohumeral ligament and rotator interval in pathogenesis and treatment. Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery - American Volume, 71(10), 1511–5.

 

X

        

Reeves, B. (1966). Arthrographic changes in frozen and post-traumatic stiff shoulders. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 59(9), 827–30.

 

X

        

Rodeo, S., Hannafin, J., Tom, J., Warren, R. & Wickiewicz, T. (1997). Immunolocalization of cytokines and their receptors in adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder. Journal of Orthopaedic Research, 15(3), 427–436.

    

X

     

Shaikh, A. & Sundaram, M. (2009). Adhesive capsulitis demonstrated on magnetic resonance imaging. Orthopedics, 32(1), 61–62.

      

X

   

Tamai, K. & Yamamoto, M. (1997). Abnormal synovium in the frozen shoulder: A preliminary report with dynamic magnetic resonance imaging. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery, 6, 534–543.

      

X

   

Uitvlugt, G., Detrisac, D., Johnson, L., Austin, M. & Johnson, C. (1993). Arthroscopic observations before and after manipulation of frozen shoulder. Arthroscopy, 9(2),181-5.

 

X

        

Wiley, A. (1991). Arthroscopic appearance of frozen shoulder. Arthroscopy, 7(2), 138–143.

 

X

        
  1. Articles that were excluded from the study are listed above. The reasons for exclusion are marked in the relevant column