Fig. 1

Hypothesized model: The circles represent latent variables and the squares represent observed variables. The latent variables are estimated by the use of the observed indicators described in the methods. For poor coping/interaction ability, the number of corresponding observed indicators was 8, for poor lifting/carrying ability it was 3, for poor moving ability it was 7, and for fear avoidance beliefs for work the number of indicators was 7. Double-headed slim arrows indicate correlations between independent variables