Table 1 Patient baseline demographic characteristics, comorbidities, and health status measures according to clinical outcome

Mean age (SD)^c

62.8 ± 9.5

59.4 ± 8.2

0.08

Female^b

39

11

0.72

Ethnicity (Han)^a

76

24

0.67

Education (at least some school)^a

73

22

0.72

Marital status (married)^a

77

23

0.63

Compensation (Any)^a

74

21

0.29

Mean BMI (SD)^c

20.7 ± 3.9

22.3 ± 3.7

0.11

Smoker (no)

27

8

0.81

 Work status: no^a

0.39

 Full or part time

13

7

 Retired

27

6

 Other

41

12

Self-assessed health trend: no^a

0.12

 Staying about the same

47

9

 Getting worse

24

13

 Other

10

3

Comorbidities: no^a

0.87

 Hypertension

34

8

 Diabetes

12

4

 Osteoporosis

27

5

 Heart problem

19

4

 Stomach problem

15

6

 Bowel or intestinal problem

11

5

 Depression

7

3

 Joint problem

44

10

 Other

17

5

Total number of comorbidities^a

0.36

 None

17

6

 One

29

4

 Two

22

9

 More than two

20

5