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Table 2 Relative increases of forces and moments

From: A numerical study to determine the effect of ligament stiffness on kinematics of the lumbar spine during flexion

Lumbar level

Joint forces

Ligament forces

Moments

L3/L4

10 (4)

83 (12)

45 (8)

L4/L5

19 (3)

124 (6)

67 (2)

  1. The table shows the mean values with its standard deviations in % of the relative increases of forces and moments between the minimum and maximum ligament stiffness during the fully flexed posture