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Table 1 Ligament stiffness matrix in N/mm with the according ranges of the intervals. The other sets were calculated by dividing the intervals into 11 equal steps

From: A numerical study to determine the effect of ligament stiffness on kinematics of the lumbar spine during flexion

Ligament

T12-L1

L1-L2

L2-L3

L3-L4

L4-L5

L5-S1

ALL

32.9 ±20.9

32.4 ±13.0

20.8 ±14.0

39.5 ±20.3

40.50 ±14.3

13.20 ±10.2

PLL

10.0 ±5.5

17.1 ±9.6

36.6 ±15.2

10.6 ±8.5

25.8 ±15.8

21.8 ±16.0

ISL

12.1 ±2.6

10.0 ±5.0

9.6 ±4.8

18.1 ±15.9

8.7 ±6.5

16.3 ±15.0

SSL

15.1 ±6.9

23.0 ±17.3

24.8 ±14.5

34.8 ±11.7

18.0 ±6.9

17.8 ±3.8

LF

24.2 ±3.6

23.0 ±7.8

25.1 ±10.9

34.5 ±6.2

27.2 ±12.2

20.2 ±8.4

IT

50.0

50.0

50.0

50.0

50.0

50.0

  1. The abbreviations are as follows: ALL anterior longitudinal, PLL posterior longitudinal, ISL intraspinous, SSL supraspinous, LF flavum, IT intertransverse