Do psychological and behavioral factors classified by the West Haven-Yale Multidimensional Pain Inventory (Swedish version) predict the early clinical course of low back pain in patients receiving chiropractic care?

Table 4 Self-rated improvement and pain intensity (unadjusted estimates)

Variable	AC (n = 167)	ID (n = 75)	DYS (n = 87)
Self-rated Improvement:
Definite improvement at 4^th visit, % (n; p-value ^C)	64.7 (108; .56 ^C)	68.0 (51; .56 ^C)	71.3 (62; .56 ^C)
Chance of definite improvement at 4^th visit, expressed as relative risk ^A(95 % CI; p-value)	Ref	1.05^A (.87–1.27; .61)	1.10^A (.93–1.31; .28)
Pain intensity:
Pain intensity at 1^st visit 0–10, mean (SD; p-value ^B)	4.47 (1.94; <.01 ^B)	6.51 (1.97; <.01 ^B)	6.70 (1.64; <.01 ^B)
Pain intensity at 4^th visit 0–10, mean (SD; p-value ^B)	2.47 (1.85; <.01 ^B)	3.57 (1.90; <.01 ^B)	3.92 (2.14; <.01 ^B)
Difference in pain intensity between 1^st and 4^th visit, mean (SD; p-value ^B)	2.01 (2.30; <.01 ^B)	2.93 (2.11; <.01 ^B)	2.78 (2.35; <.01 ^B)
Reduction of pain intensity of 30 % or more between 1^st and 4^th visit, dichotomized, % (n; p-value ^C)	63.5 (106; .39 ^C)	72.0 (54; .39 ^C)	63.2 (55; .39 ^C)
Chance of a reduction of pain intensity of 30 % or more between 1^st and 4^th visit, dichotomized, expressed as relative risk ^A (95 % CI; p-value)	Ref	1.13 ^A (.82–1.57; .45)	1.00 ^A (0.72–1.38; .98)

AC, Adaptive Coper; ID, Interpersonally Distressed; DYS, Dysfunctional; ^A Adjustment for “patient’s expectation of improvement” meant only very small changes in the estimates; ^B One way Anova for overall difference between the MPI-S groups; ^C Chi² test for overall difference

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